The gender initiative continues with editorials addressing noncardiac vascular surgery: (1) Experts discuss sex-based differences in the prevalence of vascular disease; (2) the pathophysiology, risks, and benefits of surgical treatment of carotid disease in women; (3) the need for clarifying optimal timing for surgical repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms in women and for refining endovascular repair technology for small patients; and (4) current outcomes (limb salvage, graft patency, and mortality) and future research in women with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. The series continues next month with editorials on end-stage heart failure.