2014
DOI: 10.1007/s12640-014-9495-7
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Evaluation of Levodopa and Carbidopa Antioxidant Activity in Normal Human Lymphocytes In Vitro: Implication for Oxidative Stress in Parkinson’s Disease

Abstract: The main pathochemical hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the loss of dopamine in the striatum of the brain, and the oral administration of levodopa (L-dopa) is a treatment that partially restores the dopaminergic transmission. In vitro assays have demonstrated both toxic and protective effects of L-dopa on dopaminergic cells, while in vivo studies have not provided any convincing data. The peripheral metabolic pathways significantly decrease the amount of L-dopa reaching the brain; therefore, all of the … Show more

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Cited by 29 publications
(27 citation statements)
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“…In fact, the pharmacological application of levodopa (even being the standard treatment of PD) remains still controversial, due to an inconsistency of results regarding its truly mechanistic effects [82]. Of note, while in vitro studies have demonstrated both toxic (through dopamine metabolism and autoxidation, giving rise to quinones and hydrogen peroxide) and protective effects (at certain concentrations) of levodopa on DAn, in vivo and even clinical studies have not provided yet any convincing data [82]. Inevitably, levodopa dose-regiment is, indeed, a critical issue in treating PD [83,84].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…In fact, the pharmacological application of levodopa (even being the standard treatment of PD) remains still controversial, due to an inconsistency of results regarding its truly mechanistic effects [82]. Of note, while in vitro studies have demonstrated both toxic (through dopamine metabolism and autoxidation, giving rise to quinones and hydrogen peroxide) and protective effects (at certain concentrations) of levodopa on DAn, in vivo and even clinical studies have not provided yet any convincing data [82]. Inevitably, levodopa dose-regiment is, indeed, a critical issue in treating PD [83,84].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Inevitably, levodopa dose-regiment is, indeed, a critical issue in treating PD [83,84]. Colamartino and colleagues [82] have hypothesized that one of the most difficult aspects of experimental analysis regarding levodopa treatment is related to the individual response of each subject, both regarding the effectiveness of therapy and its side effects. Additionally, it has also been defended that this discrepancy of results could, most likely, be due to the intrinsic nature of the molecule of levodopa, which has both pro-oxidant and antioxidant properties that depend on the concentrations used [85].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Oxidative stress plays a major role in various pathological conditions, and it may occur in the striatum during aging ( 17 ), chronic unpredictable stress situations ( 32 ), neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases ( 18 , 33 ), and also after strokes ( 16 ). Oxidative imbalance in the striatum is related to the loss of dopaminergic neurons and neurotoxicity ( 12 , 34 ) and to damage to DNA/RNA, lipids and proteins, resulting in altered cellular and molecular function and increased cell death ( 6 , 8 , 35 , 36 ).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Intracellular reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione contents were quantified by a DTNB-glutathione reductase recycling assay, as previously described (Colamartino et al 2015).…”
Section: Glutathione Homeostasismentioning
confidence: 99%