“…For instance, the surface quality of parts can be estimated in parallel to the process within a GPU-enabled (graphical processing unit) material removal simulation with a subsequent virtual measurement, which significantly reduces the latency between machining and the detection of defective parts [ 166 , 167 ]. A sufficiently accurate virtual representation of the machining process [ 26 , 168 , 169 , 170 , 171 ] also enables cause-and-effect analysis and, therefore, robust process design and control [ 172 , 173 , 174 , 175 , 176 ] as well as the exploitation of potential process productivity [ 177 ]. Further cases of production processes with knowledge-based approaches include welding [ 178 , 179 ], injection molding [ 180 , 181 ], linear winding [ 182 ], tape laying [ 183 ], metal forming [ 184 ], laser polishing [ 185 ], automated fiber placement [ 186 ], sheet molding compound [ 187 ], fused filament fabrication [ 188 ], and metal additive manufacturing (AM) [ 189 , 190 , 191 , 192 , 193 ].…”