2017
DOI: 10.4236/health.2017.913127
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Evaluation of Medical Costs of Kidney Diseases and Risk Factors in Japan

Abstract: Background: Kidney (renal) diseases and dialysis are among the most costly disorders and represent a worldwide burden. In this study, we evaluate the medical costs for individuals with kidney diseases and risk factors for the diseases in Japan. Data and Methods: The dataset used contained 113,979 medical checkups and 3,172,066 medical cost records obtained from 48,022 individuals in one health insurance society. The sample period was April 2013 to March 2016. We evaluated the distribution of all medical costs,… Show more

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Cited by 7 publications
(6 citation statements)
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References 42 publications
(36 reference statements)
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“…Medicare spent 7.1% of its total expenditure on ESRD, which represented three-quarters of overall ESRD expenditure in the United States 23 . Seven percent of Taiwan’s national health insurance budget was spent on ESRD,24, 25 and Japan spent 3.8% of its medical spending on ESRD 26 . Taiwan, Japan, and the United States were the 3 countries with the highest prevalence of ESRD (3317pmp, 2529 pmp, and 2138 pmp, respectively 27 ), which could then explain the high ESRD expenditure.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Medicare spent 7.1% of its total expenditure on ESRD, which represented three-quarters of overall ESRD expenditure in the United States 23 . Seven percent of Taiwan’s national health insurance budget was spent on ESRD,24, 25 and Japan spent 3.8% of its medical spending on ESRD 26 . Taiwan, Japan, and the United States were the 3 countries with the highest prevalence of ESRD (3317pmp, 2529 pmp, and 2138 pmp, respectively 27 ), which could then explain the high ESRD expenditure.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…We analyzed the effects of BP levels (especially SBP) on annual medical costs using subgroups of the dataset. Since SPRINT and ACCORD used patient data classi- Since medical costs take many zero values, and their distribution has a very heavy tail, the power transformation tobit model [34] was used for the medical cost analysis. The probability of CVD/HD risk was then analyzed by the probit model.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Since medical expenditures take many zero values, and their distribution has a very heavy tail, the power transformation tobit model [34] is used in the analysis of medical costs. The model is given by…”
Section: Power Transformation In Tobit and Probit Modelsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, as will be illustrated in this application, this problem of the classic Heckman model can be due to the assumption of constant sample selection bias and constant dispersion parameters rather than the normal assumption itself. For those readers interested in an alternative approach for dealing with medical expenditures, we refer to Nawata and Kimura (2017), where a standard (type I) Tobit model with the power transformation is considered.…”
Section: (Y *mentioning
confidence: 99%