Evaluation of Methanotroph (Methylococcus capsulatus, Bath) Bacteria Meal (FeedKind®) as an Alternative Protein Source for Juvenile Black Sea Bream, Acanthopagrus schlegelii

Abstract

Single-cell proteins are attracting growing attention as viable alternatives for fishmeal (FM) in aquatic feed. Methanotroph (Methylococcus capsulatus, Bath) bacteria meal FeedKind® (FK) is a type of single cell protein with high protein content (75.14%) and desirable amino acids profile, produced by Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) living on methane consumption. The present study evaluated the potential of replacing FM with FK in the diet of black sea bream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii). Five iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous diets were designed with FK replacing 0, 4.13, 8.27, 16.53, and 24.80% FM protein in the basal diet (40% FM content), respectively. All the diets were fed to three replicates of fish (initial weight 6.56 ± 0.02 g) for 70 days. After the feeding trial, replacing dietary 8.27% FM protein with FK significantly improved the weight gain and specific growth rate of fish (P < 0.05), while other groups showed no significant difference in the growth performance (P > 0.05). The fish fed diets with 8.27 and 16.53% replacement levels exhibited significantly increased feeding rates. The 8.27% FK diet significantly increased the whole-body and muscle crude protein contents, apparent digestibility of crude lipid, foregut, and midgut amylase activities. The microvillus density in the midgut of fish fed the 24.80% FK diet significantly increased. The diet with 8.27% FK increased the serum triglyceride content of the fish, while the 24.80% FK diet reduced the serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol contents of the fish. In conclusion, the results indicated that replacing dietary FM protein with up to 24.80% FK had no adverse effects on the growth of black sea bream, whilst replacing 8.27% FM protein with FK enhanced its growth performance and feed utilization.

A Natural Gas Fermentation Bacterial Meal (FeedKind®) as a Functional Alternative Ingredient for Fishmeal in Diet of Largemouth Bass, Micropterus salmoides

“…To date, there have been more than 20 publications that demonstrate that these methane-oxidizing bacteria meal are safe, effective and with low carbon footprint in livestock and aquatic animal feed [ 9 , 16 ]. In general, FK can be used at 4~13% of total diet to replace equivalent amount of FM in fish and shrimp feed with positive or equivalent effects on survival and growth performance [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ]. Interestingly, the inclusion of 300 mg of M. capsulatus per kg of feed could prevent the development of dietary soybean meal induced intestinal inflammation in Atlantic salmon [ 23 , 24 , 25 ].…”

C1 gas protein: A potential protein substitute for advancing aquaculture sustainability

“…24 Regardless of the production conditions, these C1GP products, such as KnipBio meal, Bioprotein and RichMore, have an equivalent gross energy to fishmeal, that is, ranging from 21 to 22 MJ/kg. 34,35,64 For ash content, the slightly higher content of ash in methanol-utilizing gas protein, representing more than 8.5% ash in PRUTEEN and KnipBio meal, 27,34 compared to certain previous studies in methane-utilizing gas protein ranging from 6.3 to 8.0% [63][64][65][66] and RichMore ranging from 3.3 to 6.4%. 62,67,68 One previous study showed that the String Pro contained about 3.8% crude fibre and 3.3% carbohydrate, 63 while another study in mink reported that bacterial protein meal grown on natural T A B L E 2 Amino acid composition of C1 gas protein products compared with fishmeal (% of dry matter) The data are gotten from the web of https://www.feedipedia.org/ node/208.National.…”

“…As one of the earliest available C1GP products, methane-utilizing gas protein products have been used as fishmeal alternatives in the diet of different aquatic species, including Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, 26 Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus, 74 rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, 71 Japanese yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata, 75 Nile tilapia, 83 black sea bream, 65 largemouth bass 84 and Pacific white shrimp. [85][86][87][88] Studies in Atlantic salmon 70,77,89 have reported that fish fed diets containing up to 300 g/kg Bioprotein did not negatively affect growth performance or enhanced growth performance in certain studies.…”

“… d The data are presented as average ± SD according to the data from different published studies 64,65,71,84,87 …”

Yarrowia lipolytica as a promising protein source for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) diet: impact on growth performance, metabolism, antioxidant capacity, and apparent digestibility

“…The formulation and approximate compositions of the experimental diets are shown in Table 1. Feed pellets with a diameter of 1.20 mm were prepared and steam-sterilized according to the specific production process described in previous study (Xu et al, 2021).…”