Evaluation of p-y Curves for Group Piles in Cohesive Soil Based on 3D Numerical Analysis

Abstract

The pile foundation supported on a structure can generate large horizontal loads due to earthquakes, high winds, and wave actions. The behavior of piles when subjected to horizontal load is generally analyzed using the p-y curve and “p-multiplier (Pm),” which is the coefficient of the group pile effect. In this study, the p-y curves and Pm were calculated by analyzing a single pile and group of piles arranged in 3 × 3 installed in cohesive soil using the finite element analysis program, Plaxis 3D. The soil resistance (p) increased as the undrained shear strength of the clay increased and the distance between the pile centers (S/D) increased. In the case of the group pile effect, when Pm was closer to the center of the group pile, the distance between the pile centers was smaller, and Pm was less due to the interference effect of the adjacent individual piles. In conclusion, it was observed that Pm is affected by the location of the individual piles and the distance between the pile centers.

Nanoarchitectonics of Bimetallic MOF@Lab‐Grade Flexible Filter Papers: An Approach Towards Real‐Time Water Decontamination and Circular Economy

“…In addition, the presence of interstitial water in the PB lattice is evidenced by the peaks appearing at 3252 cm −1 and 1610 cm −1 which correspond to the stretching and bending vibrations of O─H and H─O─H, respectively. [ 113,117,128 ] After the adsorption of PB, the FTIR spectra for Mo/Zr‐UiO‐66@PB reflected all the corresponding peaks of PB indicating the successful anchoring of the PB particles over the MOFs surface. Interestingly, in the FTIR spectra for Mo/Zr‐UiO‐66@PB, it can be observed that the peak corresponding to the vibrations of Fe─CN at 603 cm −1 is considerably reduced.…”

“…These cations were selected for the study as they are the most commonly found cations in real groundwater and seawater, and could potentially compete during Pb 2+ /Cd 2+ uptake. [ 117 ] The interference study was conducted by mimicking the concentrations of the common cations found in seawater. The interference study was conducted for various concentrations of cations ranging from 0.1 mmol to 1 m .…”

“…This interference by the monovalent cations can be explained by the size comparable hydrated radius of the monovalent cations and the lattice spacing of the PB. [ 117 ] Table S4 (Supporting Information) summarizes the hydrated ionic radii of the cations used in the study. The K + and Na + ions have a hydrated radius of 3.31 Å and 3.58 Å, respectively, which are close to the lattice spacing of PB (3.6 Å).…”

“…Therefore, the monovalent cations (K + and Na + ) have an advantage over entering the PB lattice through intercalation compared to the divalent cations. [ 117 ] Consequently, the monovalent cations showed a greater interference in the adsorption process. However, the concentration of the monovalent cations such as (K + and Na + ) in the geological water sources is much lower compared to the assessed concentrations of cations in the study.…”

“…The deconvoluted C 1s and N 1 s spectrum of Mo/Zr‐UiO‐66@PB, shows the C≡N and N─Fe bonding of PB at 284.8 eV and 399.1 eV, respectively. [ 117,128 ] However, a significant change was observed in the O 1s spectra of Mo/Zr‐UiO‐66 after PB adsorption (Figure 12D). In the deconvoluted O 1s spectra of Mo/Zr‐UiO‐66@PB, the peak at 537.5 eV corresponding to the chemisorbed water almost disappeared.…”