2002
DOI: 10.1039/b202018c
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Evaluation of performance of time-saving extraction devices in the BCR three-step sequential extraction procedure

Abstract: Two alternative extraction methods--a routine ultrasonic bath and a microwave oven--were developed and optimized for their eventual exploitation in the three-stage sequential extraction procedure proposed by the European Standards, Measurements and Testing (S, M & T) Programme, formerly Bureau Communitaire de Reference (BCR), for the operationally defined speciation of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn. The conventional BCR three-stage sequential extraction procedure was modified at each stage, applying ultrasonic or micr… Show more

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Cited by 40 publications
(34 citation statements)
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“…The fraction contents, except the first one, are evaluated by subtracting the results obtained in two consecutive stages. On the other hand, ultrasonic versions of SESs have demonstrated their potential for drastic acceleration of conventional SESs, providing similar extractability for several metals in a variety of environmental samples [5][6][7][8][9]. Microwave treatments may be less suitable for shortening the operation time in SESs since the heating could cause significant changes on metal extraction and fractionation, being the labile fractions the most affected [10][11][12][13].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The fraction contents, except the first one, are evaluated by subtracting the results obtained in two consecutive stages. On the other hand, ultrasonic versions of SESs have demonstrated their potential for drastic acceleration of conventional SESs, providing similar extractability for several metals in a variety of environmental samples [5][6][7][8][9]. Microwave treatments may be less suitable for shortening the operation time in SESs since the heating could cause significant changes on metal extraction and fractionation, being the labile fractions the most affected [10][11][12][13].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Quando a extração seqüen-cial é aplicada, está baseada na progressão de extratores fracos, como a água, até um extrator forte, como um ácido concentrado [13,14,15,21,22,25,26].…”
Section: Extração Seqüencial De Cobre Ferro E Zinco Em Ervas Medicinunclassified
“…Os primeiros extratores geralmente são aqueles com propriedades de troca iônica, deslocando íons de sítios iônicos específicos, sendo representados por soluções iônicas, como o cloreto de magnésio e de cálcio e nitrato de sódio [14,15,17]. em seguida, são utilizados extratores com propriedades de dissolução de carbonatos, já que metais ligados a carbonatos são sensíveis à variação de pH.…”
Section: Extração Seqüencial De Cobre Ferro E Zinco Em Ervas Medicinunclassified
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