Evaluation of Polyacrylonitrile Nonwoven Mats and Silver–Gold Bimetallic Nanoparticle-Decorated Nonwoven Mats for Potential Promotion of Wound Healing In Vitro and In Vivo and Bone Growth In Vitro

Abstract

We prepared polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and urchin-like Ag–Au bimetallic or Ag nanoparticle-decorated PAN nonwoven mats using electrospinning and evaluated them in vitro and in vivo for wound healing, antibacterial effects on skin tissue, and promotion of bone ingrowth in vitro. A facile, green, low-temperature protocol was developed to obtain these nonwoven mats. The sterilization rate of urchin-like Ag–Au bimetallic and Ag nanoparticle-decorated PAN nonwoven mats against Staphylococcus aureus was 96.81 ± 2.81% and 51.90 ± 9.07%, respectively, after 5 h treatment. In an in vitro cell model, these two mats did not show significant toxicity; cell viability of >80% was obtained within 5 h of treatment. In vivo animal model preclinical assessment showed that the urchin-like Ag–Au bimetallic nonwoven mat group showed significant wound recovery because of sebaceous gland, hair follicle, and fat formation during skin tissue regeneration; increased neovascularization and compact collagen fibers were observed in the dermal layer, comparable to the findings for the control group. The mother substrate of the urchin-like Ag–Au bimetallic nanoparticle-decorated PAN nonwoven mats, that is, pure PAN nonwoven mats, was found to be a potential scaffold for bone tissue engineering as osteoblast ingrowth from the top to the bottom of the membrane and proliferation inside the membrane were observed. The key genetic factor Cbfa1 was identified as a key osteoblast differentiation regulator in vitro. Thus, electrospun membrane materials show potential for use as dual-functional biomaterials for bone regeneration and infection control and composite grafts for infectious bone and soft tissue defects.

Collagen in Wound Healing

“…Collagen wound dressings contain collagen blended with natural and synthetic polymers such as polyethylene oxide, poly (L-lactic acid), hyaluronic acid, elastin and silk fibroin, alginate, chitosan, etc [ 73 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 ]. These blended fabrications have incorporated other additives such as insulin [ 86 ], antibiotics [ 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 ] or gold nanoparticles [ 93 , 94 , 95 ] and have been tested mostly in in vitro studies or small animal models of wound healing. An evidence-based review of clinical studies on antibacterial integrated collagen wound dressings indicated that most studies were limited by small sample sizes and mixed chronic wound etiologies [ 46 ].…”

“…Collagen is also used as a surface coating to enhance moisture retention and promote cell adhesion within scaffolds/matrices [ 73 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 ]. Water retention is important to keep the wound bed moist.…”

Development of hydroxyapatite-coated nonwovens for efficient isolation of somatic stem cells from adipose tissues

“…In tissue engineering studies, nonwovens have been investigated as scaffolds that are directly transplanted into the injured site [ 1 , 22 , 25 , 28 , 33 ]. However, to the best of our knowledge, nonwovens have never been used for explant culture of adipose tissue.…”

“…Previous studies have revealed the effects of fiber materials [ 4 ] and orientation patterns on cell attachment and growth [ 7 , 26 , 30 ]. Several studies have focused on the surface modification of nonwoven materials to enhance biological responses, such as antibacterial [ 1 , 17 ] and bone regeneration [ 22 , 25 ]. As cells can be expanded three-dimensionally, the woven pores and thickness may be important.…”

Analysis of Vicinal Water in Soft Contact Lenses Using a Combination of Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy and Multivariate Curve Resolution

“…As for attenuated total reflection (ATR) infrared (IR) absorption spectroscopy, it measures both interface and bulk regions due to the long evanescent field’s decay length (several hundred nm) [ 11 , 12 ]. Therefore, a method is required to analyze structures of vicinal water, whose property is different from bulk [ 13 , 14 ].…”