Evaluation of Post-harvest Aflatoxin Production in Peanut Germplasm with Resistance to Seed Colonization and Pre-harvest Aflatoxin Contamination

Xue, H. Q.; Isleib, T. G.; Payne, Gary A.; O'Brian, Greg

doi:10.3146/pnut.31.2.0012

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Sources, mechanism (barriers) and genetics of resistance to aflatoxin contamination Both additive and/or nonadditive genetic variance control resistance to A. flavus and/or aflatoxin production in groundnut (Ozimati et al 2014;Xue et al 2004). Sources of all the three types of resistance (preharvest seed infection, in vitro seed colonization, and aflatoxin production) have been reported (Nigam et al 2009;Waliyar et al 1994), and in spite of high genotype by environment interaction, a number of germplasms with high levels of resistance across environments have been identified (Nigam et al 2009).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

International agricultural research to reduce food risks: case studies on aflatoxins

et al. 2015

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Despite massive expansion of human and livestock populations, fuelled by agricultural innovations, nearly one billion people are hungry and 2 billion are sickened each year from the food they eat. Agricultural and food systems are intimately connected to health outcomes, but health policy and programs often stop at the clinic door. A consensus is growing that the disconnection between agriculture, health and nutrition is at least partly responsible for the disease burden associated with food and farming. Mycotoxins produced by fungi are one of the most serious food safety problems affecting staple crops (especially maize and groundnuts).Aflatoxins, the best studied of these mycotoxins, cause around 90,000 cases of liver cancer each year and are strongly associated with stunting and immune suppression in children. Mycotoxins also cause major economic disruptions through their impacts on trade and livestock production. In this paper we use the case of fungal toxins to explore how agricultural research can produce innovations, understand incentives and enable institutions to improve, simultaneously, food safety, food accessibility for poor consumers and access to markets for smallholder farmers, thus making the case for research investors to support research into agricultural approaches for enhancing food safety in value chains. We first discuss the evolution of food safety research within the CGIAR. Then we show how taking an epidemiological and economic perspective on aflatoxin research connects health and nutrition outcomes. Finally, we present three case studies illustrating the traditional strengths of CGIAR research: breeding better varieties and developing new technologies.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

International agricultural research to reduce food risks: case studies on aflatoxins

et al. 2015

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“…Aspergillus flavus is an opportunistic pathogen with a wide host range including peanut, corn, wheat, barley, rice, tree nuts, and cotton seeds [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]. Peanut is one of the most susceptible crops to A. flavus and A. parasiticus infection either in the field (pre-harvest) or during storage (post-harvest) [ 7 , 8 ]. A. flavus and A. parasiticus produce aflatoxins as secondary metabolites under conducive environmental conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To circumvent the high variation in field aflatoxin evaluation of genetic resistance, in vitro inoculation has been used to ensure more uniform fungal infection of seeds. Several wild diploid peanut relatives and interspecific tetraploids were reported to be resistant to aflatoxin based on in vitro inoculation of seeds and analysis 8-d post inoculation [ 8 ]. Since complete inhibition of fungal growth or aflatoxin contamination is unlikely, a time course to monitor fungal growth during the disease progression could reveal differential fungal–host interactions among peanut genotypes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotypic Regulation of Aflatoxin Accumulation but Not Aspergillus Fungal Growth upon Post-Harvest Infection of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Seeds

Korani

Chu

Holbrook

et al. 2017

Toxins

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Aflatoxin contamination is a major economic and food safety concern for the peanut industry that largely could be mitigated by genetic resistance. To screen peanut for aflatoxin resistance, ten genotypes were infected with a green fluorescent protein (GFP)—expressing Aspergillus flavus strain. Percentages of fungal infected area and fungal GFP signal intensity were documented by visual ratings every 8 h for 72 h after inoculation. Significant genotypic differences in fungal growth rates were documented by repeated measures and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) analyses. SICIA (Seed Infection Coverage and Intensity Analyzer), an image processing software, was developed to digitize fungal GFP signals. Data from SICIA image analysis confirmed visual rating results validating its utility for quantifying fungal growth. Among the tested peanut genotypes, NC 3033 and GT-C20 supported the lowest and highest fungal growth on the surface of peanut seeds, respectively. Although differential fungal growth was observed on the surface of peanut seeds, total fungal growth in the seeds was not significantly different across genotypes based on a fluorometric GFP assay. Significant differences in aflatoxin B levels were detected across peanut genotypes. ICG 1471 had the lowest aflatoxin level whereas Florida-07 had the highest. Two-year aflatoxin tests under simulated late-season drought also showed that ICG 1471 had reduced aflatoxin production under pre-harvest field conditions. These results suggest that all peanut genotypes support A. flavus fungal growth yet differentially influence aflatoxin production.

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“…There are highly significant G 3 E interactions for preharvest seed infection and aflatoxin production (Nigam, 2002). Xue et al (2004a) also did not find a strong relationship among the three types of resistance. She also reported significant interactions between peanut genotypes and pathogen strains.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Breeding Peanut for Resistance to Aflatoxin Contamination at ICRISAT

Nigam¹,

Waliyar²,

Aruna³

et al. 2009

Peanut Science

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Peanut plays an important role in the livelihoods of poor farmers and in the rural economy of many developing countries. Aflatoxin contamination in peanut seeds, caused by Aspergillus flavus, hampers international trade and adversely affects health of consumers of peanut and its products. It can occur in the field when the crop is growing, during harvesting and curing, and in storage and transportation. Aflatoxin research on peanut at ICRISAT focuses on identification and utilization of genetic resistance to preharvest seed infection and aflatoxin production by A. flavus and pre and post harvest management practices to minimize contamination. Breeding for aflatoxin resistance has been a contentious issue in peanut for nearly four decades since the first report of host resistance to aflatoxin production by A. flavus. Despite global efforts, progress in aflatoxin resistance breeding has been limited due to the low level of resistance to different components of resistance (preharvest seed infection and aflatoxin production, and in vitro seed colonization by A. flavus), their variable performance due to high G 3 E interaction, lack of reliable screening protocols, and limited understanding of genetics of resistance. Efforts to combine the three independently inherited components of resistance did not produce expected results towards improving the host plant resistance to aflatoxin contamination. Although breeding lines have shown better performance for resistance to aflatoxin contamination at ICRISAT, they need wider evaluation under diverse growing conditions. The search for better sources of resistance in the cultivated and wild Arachis germplasm continues, and recent developments in the area of transgenic research through modification of aflatoxin biosynthesis pathway or use of genes with antifungal and anti-aflatoxin properties appear encouraging. Meanwhile, the available improved breeding lines coupled with pre and post harvest aflatoxin management practices can help to significantly reduce aflatoxin contamination in farmers' fields. It is expected that transgenic resistance against fungal infection and aflatoxin production in combination with conventional breeding efforts may lead to the development of agronomically superior peanuts that are free of aflatoxin contamination.

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Evaluation of Post-harvest Aflatoxin Production in Peanut Germplasm with Resistance to Seed Colonization and Pre-harvest Aflatoxin Contamination

Abstract: Contamination of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) with aflatoxin produced by species of Aspergillus remains a problem for the U.S. peanut industry.

Cited by 10 publications

References 16 publications

International agricultural research to reduce food risks: case studies on aflatoxins

International agricultural research to reduce food risks: case studies on aflatoxins

Genotypic Regulation of Aflatoxin Accumulation but Not Aspergillus Fungal Growth upon Post-Harvest Infection of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Seeds

Breeding Peanut for Resistance to Aflatoxin Contamination at ICRISAT

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