Evaluation of Pretreatments and Extraction Conditions on the Antifungal and Antioxidant Effects of Garlic (Allium sativum) Peel Extracts

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of pretreatments and extraction conditions on the antioxidant and antifungal characteristics of garlic peel extracts. The effect of pretreatments (fermentation and steam cooking) on the yield, antifungal (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Botrytis cinerea), and antioxidant (total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity) properties of garlic peel extracts were evaluated. A selected pretreatment was applied to evaluate the extraction conditions (solvent, solvent concentration, temperature, and time) on the antifungal activity of garlic peel extracts. At last, garlic peel extracts obtained under specific conditions was applied to papaya and strawberry fruits as preventive and curative treatments against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Botrytis cinerea, respectively. Steam cooking pretreatment significantly increased the antifungal and antioxidant capacities of garlic peel extracts compared to the fermentation process. Garlic peel extracts obtained with methanol (60%) for 18 h (25 °C) showed the highest antifungal activity against both microorganisms assessed (57.57% and 75.76% for B. cinerea and C. gloeosporioides, respectively,) on in vitro assays. Moreover, in vivo results indicated that preventive treatment significantly reduced rot disease in papaya (88.95%) and strawberry (54.13%) fruits. Although more studies about the antifungal mechanisms of garlic peel extracts are needed, these results indicated that garlic peel extracts could be used as an antifungal agent.

Ethanolic Extract of Duea Ching Fruit: Extraction, Characterization and Its Effect on the Properties and Storage Stability of Sardine Surimi Gel

“…For example, the appropriate EtOH concentration for garlic husks was 50%, whereas a wider range of concentrations (40–90%) was suitable for the extraction of black currants [ 24 , 25 ]. Similarly, when garlic peel extracts were prepared using 80% methanol, a higher TPC content was obtained as compared to the 60% EtOH as the solvent [ 26 ]. Hence, the 60% EtOH yielded the DCE with the maximum amount of phenolic compounds.…”

Garlic (Allium sativum) peel extracts and their potential as antioxidant and antimicrobial agents for food applications: influence of pretreatment and extraction solvent

“…The free radical scavenging activity of extracts was determined using the 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, according to Carreón‐Delgado et al . (2023), and the 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonate) (ABTS) assay, according to Vijaya Kumar Reddy et al . (2010).…”

“…Total phenolic content (TPC) was evaluated following the methodology proposed by Carreón‐Delgado et al . (2023). Briefly, 100 μL of sample were mixed with 100 μL of Folin–Ciocalteu reagent (0.1 N) and 1.5 mL of distilled water.…”

“…Total flavonoid content (TFC) was evaluated following the colorimetric method described by Carreón‐Delgado et al . (2023) with modifications was employed. Two hundred microlitres of sample were mixed with 400 μL of distilled water and 60 μL of 5% (w/v) NaNO 2 and incubated for 5 min.…”

Vitamin C and/or garlic can antagonize the toxic effects of cadmium on growth performance, hematological, and immunological parameters of growing Japanese quail

“…It is also called a lowering and chelating agent, which can combine with inorganic substances and perhaps prevent their absorption ( Jena et al, 2023 ). Furthermore, Consuming garlic is typically linked to several health advantages, including those that are cardioprotective, antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral due to its physiologically active chemicals, which include terpenoids, phenolic compounds, and S-allyl sulfur compounds ( Carreón-Delgado et al, 2023 ). Garlic consumption significantly lowers the clastogenic impacts of heavy metals and lessens the deadly consequences of oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage caused by the body's metal load ( Enan et al, 2022 ; Mohamed et al, 2022 ; Abdel-Shafi et al, 2023 ; Al-Otaibi et al, 2023 ).…”