Evaluation of prognostic indicators for goats with pregnancy toxemia

Abstract

Objective To evaluate potential prognostic indicators for does with pregnancy toxemia (PT) and their offspring. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. ANIMALS 56 does. PROCEDURES Medical records were searched to identify does with PT. Signalment, history, clinical signs, examination findings, treatments, number of offspring present, and duration of hospitalization for does as well as outcome (death vs survival to hospital discharge) for does and their kids were recorded. Variables of interest were examined for association with outcome by contingency table analyses. RESULTS Boer goats were overrepresented, compared with the general population of goats for the facility in the last year of the study. Most (15/36) does had appropriate body condition scores. All pregnancies involved twins (11/56), triplets (37), or quadruplets (7). Neutrophilia (26/26) and hyperglycemia (32/40) were common in does. Most (39/56) does survived to hospital discharge. Does with high BUN concentration and those with serum bicarbonate concentration < 15 mEq/L were more likely to die than does without these findings. Forty-nine does survived to delivery of offspring; survival to discharge for these does was positively associated with outcome of their offspring. Among offspring of dams that survived to their delivery, twins had a higher survival rate than quadruplets. Death was more likely for offspring delivered by cesarean section than for those delivered vaginally. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested Boers were more likely to develop PT than goats of other breeds in the population examined at the study hospital. In contrast with other studies, hyperglycemia was common in affected does. Further research is needed to confirm associations with outcome identified in this study.

Current Energy and Lipid Metabolism Biomarkers in Sheep with Subclinical And Clinical Pregnancy Toxemia

“…Serum triglyceride, LDL, HDL, VLDL, AST, ALT, ALP, GGT, creatinine, phosphorus, NEFA, and Hb1Ac parameters were measured in an autoanalyzer (Randox RX Monaco, UK). Serum β-HBA and glucose parameters were measured with rapid test kits (Precision Xceed for Blood Glucose and Ketone, Abbott/ Abingdon, UK) in blood plasma after blood samples were collected from the vena jugularis (31). The levels of serum asprosin (Sheep Asprosin ELISA kit, MBS7265859, USA), FABP1 (Sheep Fatty Acid-Binding Protein ELISA kit, MBS751763, USA), FGF21 (Sheep Fibroblast Growth Factor-21 ELISA kit, MBS747499, USA), and PPARα (Sheep Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha ELISA kit, MBS749650, USA) were measured with an ELISA reader (BioTek ELISA, USA) according to instructions of the kit manufacturer MyBio Source.…”

Hepatic B-mode Ultrasonography for the Diagnosis of Does Subclinical Pregnancy Toxemia ‎with Special Reference to Hematological Alterations ‎

“…In Egypt, goats are regarded as one of the most important economic incomes, where many native productive breeds are reared for obtaining milk or meat (Khameis et al, 2018). Pregnancy toxemia is a metabolic disease in goats occurs as a result of negative energy balance consequent to enhanced requirement for glucose by the developing fetuses in the last stage of gestation (Kelay and Assefa, 2018), which is characterized by disturbance in energy, protein and kidney functions, the mortality rates often exceed 80% (Simpson et al, 2019), while the subclinical form is asymptomatic form which is detected laboratory by higher concentration of beta hydroxy butyrate and hypoglycemia (Basavanagouda et al, 2021). Poor nutrition because of the high energy demands of fetuses during the final stage of pregnancy and poor body condition led to ketonemia which is related to reduced glucose and increased lipid mobilization (Andrews et al, 1997).…”

Multicenter study of uterine tears and other reproductive complications in periparturient goats presented to veterinary teaching hospitals

“…In another study of goats with pregnancy toxemia, 37% of does developed reproductive complications consisting of retained fetal membranes, metritis, or both. 6 Although these studies provided valuable information regarding risk factors for dystocia and pregnancy toxemia, the focus was not on development of complications. Larger multicenter prospective studies are required to evaluate the incidence and risk factors of other periparturient conditions in goats.…”