Evaluation of salinization and sodification in irrigated areas with limited soil data: Case study in southern Portugal

Abstract

Due to its high land productivity, irrigated agriculture has an increasing role in food production. In the Alentejo region (southern Portugal) the irrigated area has grown since the completion of the Alqueva dam in 2002. Climatic change patterns foreseen for the Mediterranean region (more heat extremes, less precipitation and river flow, increasing risk of droughts and decrease in crop yields) are prone to soil salinization and sodification in irrigated areas in the region. The Roxo dam has some of the higher records of water salinity and sodicity in Portugal, which makes the Roxo irrigated area (RIA) a very interesting case study. This paper aimed at two main objectives for the RIA: (i) evaluate soil salinization and sodification, and make spatial predictions of soils susceptibility to these degradation types; (ii) monitor current salinity and sodicity of the water, and simulate the effect of empirical based scenarios of water salinity and sodicity. The RIA (8250 ha) extends ~20 km along the Roxo river (northern Aljustrel), in Cenozoic sedimentary formations. Main soils mapped are: Luvisols (~40%), Fluvisols and Regosols (~20%), Gleysols and Planosols (~20%) and Vertisols (~10%). However, there are only five soil profiles with detailed analytical data from a more recent soil survey with 83 profile descriptions in the RIA and surrounding area. Irrigation water of the Roxo dam and drainage water of the Roxo river were monitored almost monthly during Jul/2014-Nov/2015 and Jun/2016-Jan/2017, for determination of electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), and other parameters. Soil salinity was not a significant problem in the RIA but a potential abundance of sodic soils was found that need future confirmation. A qualitative soil salinity index applied to the RIA suggests that soils most susceptible to salinity occur to a much smaller extent when this index is obtained from the soil profile data (approach B) than when it is based on information of the soil map (approach A). During the monitoring periods, both the water of the Roxo dam and of the Roxo river were slight to moderate saline for crop growth, with no restrictions for soil infiltration. The Roxo dam received water from the Alqueva dam for the first time between June and September 2016, and a small, though regular, decrease of the water EC (0.99 to 0.76 dS m<sup>-1</sup>) was observed during the same period. Three scenarios of irrigation water, identified by Low/High EC-SAR (L-L, H-H, L-H) were simulated with the Watsuit model. Low EC water (L-L and L-H) represent wet years and show no risk of soil salinity in the rootzone. However, the risk of waterlogging increases in sodic soils, especially with the scenario (L-H). High EC water (H-H) represents dryer years and results in severe saline conditions in the rootzone. In all three scenarios, prosodic and sodic soils are most sensible to degradation by salinization, sodification or both.

Soil Salinity and Sodicity in Drylands: A Review of Causes, Effects, Monitoring, and Restoration Measures

“…This limits the availability of water and oxygen for plants, as well as for the entire soil-food web (European Communities, 2009). In addition, very high Na + contents may have negative effects on plant nutrition (Alexandre et al, 2018). Therefore, management of sodic lands needs to address these soil physical constraints.…”

Analysis of Soil Permeability Batu Bulan Dam’s Right Secondary Irrigation Canal in Sumbawa, Indonesia

“…In contrast, [14] assessed soil salinity and the alteration of irrigation canals in the Alentiji area of the southern region of Portugal. They found that soil salinity does not pose a significant challenge; however, the likelihood of soil fertility affecting forthcoming irrigation cannot be discounted.…”

Risk Assessment of Irrigation-Related Soil Salinization and Sodification in Mediterranean Areas

“…Although clay soils are more affected by sodicity, it should be considered that there are some soil properties, other than texture, that are significant in influencing the behavior of soils under sodification risk, namely, depth and thickness of the sodic horizons and clay mineralogy. For instance, the presence of high-activity clay minerals, like smectite, is likely to increase the soil susceptibility to sodification [83]. The analysis of the relationships between the RSO index and its indicators in high-risk areas showed a strong prevalence of flat and low slope terrain (Figure 11a), moderate-to-restricted soil drainage in Luvisols, Vertisols and Cambisols (Figure 11b,c), and annual crops irrigated with surface or sprinkler systems (Figure 11d,e).…”

“…Although clay soils are more affected by sodicity, it should be considered that there are some soil properties, other than texture, that are significant in influencing the behavior of soils under sodification risk, namely, depth and thickness of the sodic horizons and clay mineralogy. For instance, the presence of high-activity clay minerals, like smectite, is likely to increase the soil susceptibility to sodification [83].…”