Evaluation of salivary nitric oxide level in children with early childhood caries

Eagappan, A R Senthil; Rao, V Arun Prasad; Sujatha, S; Senthil, D; Sathiyajeeva, J; Rajaraman, Gayathri

doi:10.4103/1735-3327.187882

Cited by 18 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Importantly, inside the oral cavity, salivary nitrate, nitrite and the nitrate reducing capacity of the oral microbiome have been proposed to be beneficial to prevent caries 10 – 12 . Additionally, two weeks of nitrate-rich lettuce juice consumption improved gingival health in a recent clinical study 13 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrate as a potential prebiotic for the oral microbiome

Rosier

Buetas

Moya-Gonzálvez

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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The salivary glands actively concentrate plasma nitrate, leading to high salivary nitrate concentrations (5-8 mM) after a nitrate-rich vegetable meal. Nitrate is an ecological factor that can induce rapid changes in structure and function of polymicrobial communities, but the effects on the oral microbiota have not been clarified. To test this, saliva of 12 healthy donors was collected to grow in vitro biofilms with and without 6.5 mM nitrate. Samples were taken at 5 h (most nitrate reduced) and 9 h (all nitrate reduced) of biofilm formation for ammonium, lactate and pH measurements, as well as 16S rRNA gene Illumina sequencing. Nitrate did not affect biofilm growth significantly, but reduced lactate production, while increasing the observed ammonium production and pH (all p < 0.01). Significantly higher levels of the oral health-associated nitrate-reducing genera Neisseria (3.1 ×) and Rothia (2.9 ×) were detected in the nitrate condition already after 5 h (both p < 0.01), while several caries-associated genera (Streptococcus, Veillonella and Oribacterium) and halitosis-and periodontitis-associated genera (Porphyromonas, Fusobacterium, Leptotrichia, Prevotella, and Alloprevotella) were significantly reduced (p < 0.05 at 5 h and/or 9 h). In conclusion, the addition of nitrate to oral communities led to rapid modulation of microbiome composition and activity that could be beneficial for the host (i.e., increasing eubiosis or decreasing dysbiosis). Nitrate should thus be investigated as a potential prebiotic for oral health.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrate as a potential prebiotic for the oral microbiome

Rosier

Buetas

Moya-Gonzálvez

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…It is believed that the antibacterial effect of NO is expressed in two ways: Prevention of bacterial growth and increase in cytotoxicity by salivary macrophages. 18 Senthil et al 19 showed that low levels of caries in children is related to increase in NO levels. Metgud et al 20 showed that extreme increase in NO can have a destructive and inflammatory effect in the oral cavity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Mobile Phone Waves and Wi-Fi on Electrolytes and Oxidative Stress Indices of Saliva

Rahbar¹,

Pourzare-Mehrbani²,

Jamali³

et al. 2017

World Journal of Dentistry

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Aim:The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of mobile phone waves and Wi-Fi on electrolytes and oxidative stress indices of saliva. Materials and methods:A case group of 20 Wi-Fi and mobile phone users and a control group of 20 deaf people were selected. Saliva samples were obtained from both of these groups. Study variables, including the electrolytes and oxidative stress indices of saliva, were measured. The independent two-sample t-test was used to analyze the data. The statistical significance was defined at p < 0.05. Results:The mean sodium and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the case group were higher than in the control group. The results also showed that there was no significant difference between sodium and potassium levels (p = 0.163 and p = 0.892, respectively) and the oxidative stress of total antioxidant (TAO) and MDA (p = 0.138 and p = 0.115, respectively) in either of the two groups. However, there was a significant difference in salivary nitric oxide (NO) levels (p = 0.04) between the case and control groups. Conclusion:Electromagnetic waves affected the saliva composition to an extent that it caused a significant decrease in the NO levels of the case group.Clinical significance: Nitric oxide acts as an active radical in nonspecific defense mechanisms in the oral cavity. So, reduction of NO with mobile phone and Wi-Fi waves can cause disruption in the human defense system. These results illustrate the necessity of reducing contact with these waves.

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“…2 However, dental caries is totally preventable, being the result of a dysbiosis of the oral cavity, with both the increased presence of oral pathogens and the decreased level of protective commensals, particularly the nitrate reducing commensals. 3 The oral microbiome shifts significantly over the different time periods of child development and in response to the diet. 4 Unfortunately, the oral microbiome has had the same response as the Gut microbiome to the massive dietary shifts; the Agricultural, Industrial, and more currently, the Fast Food revolutions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pilot Study of the SCFA Headspace Analysis of Streptococcus mutans Metabolites in Media with and without Polyols

Goudarzi¹,

Kabat²,

Cannon³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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This pilot study of Streptococcus mutans ATCC 35668 grown in media with and without polyols (erythritol) measured the resultant metabolites, including the short chain fatty acids by using head space analysis. Brain Heart Infusion Broth (BHI2 or BHI10) supplemented with 2% or 10% sucrose containing no polyols or either erythritol or xylitol and Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 35668) was grown aerobically. After 48 hours of growth the supernatant were harvested and centrifuged to pellet bacteria. Supernatants were removed from bacterial pellets then submitted for Short Chain Fatty Acid (SCFA) analysis with an Agilent Technologies (Santa Clara, CA 95051) system configured from three components, a 5973 mass selective detector, a 6890N gas chromatographer, and a 7697A headspace sampler. Streptococcus mutans growing in Brain Heart Infusion Broth (BHI2 or BHI10) supplemented with 2% or 10% sucrose but containing no polyols produced the following short chain fatty acids: methyl isovalerate, acetic acid, propionic acid, butanoic acid, pentanoic acid, ethyl butaric acid, 4-methylvaleric acid, hexanoic acid. When the Brain Heart Infusion Broth (BHI2 or BHI10) supplemented with 2% or 10% sucrose containing erythritol was used as media for this Streptococcus mutans strain, the following were produced: ethanol, acetoin, and acetic acid. Our results would suggest that constituents of the media may affect the bacterial metabolite production.

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Evaluation of salivary nitric oxide level in children with early childhood caries

Cited by 18 publications

References 14 publications

Nitrate as a potential prebiotic for the oral microbiome

Nitrate as a potential prebiotic for the oral microbiome

Effect of Mobile Phone Waves and Wi-Fi on Electrolytes and Oxidative Stress Indices of Saliva

Pilot Study of the SCFA Headspace Analysis of Streptococcus mutans Metabolites in Media with and without Polyols

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