Evaluation of silk‐based bioink during pre and post 3D bioprinting: A review

Abstract

During past few decades, the demand for the replacement of damaged organs is increasing consistently. This is due to the advancement in tissue engineering, which opens the possibility of regeneration of damaged organs or tissues into functional parts with the help of 3D bioprinting. Bioprinting technology presents an excellent potential to develop complex structures with precise control over cell suspension and structure. A brief description of different types of 3D bioprinting techniques, including inkjetbased, laser-based, and extrusion-based bioprinting is presented here. Due to innate advantageous features like tunable biodegradability, biocompatibility, elasticity and mechanical robustness, silk has carved a niche in the realm of tissue engineering. In this review article, the focus is to highlight the possible approach of exploring silk as bioink for fabrication of bioprinted implants using 3D bioprinting. This review discusses different type of degumming, dissolution techniques for extraction of proteins from different sources of silk. Different recently reported 3D bioprinting techniques suitable for silkbased bioink are further elaborated. Postprinting characterization of resultant scaffolds are also describe here. However, there is an astounding progress in 3D bioprinting technology, still there is a need to develop further the current bioprinting technology to make it suitable for generation of heterogeneous tissue construct. The possibility of utilizing the adhesive property of sericin to consider it as bioink is elaborated.

Cellular Interaction of Human Skin Cells towards Natural Bioink via 3D-Bioprinting Technologies for Chronic Wound: A Comprehensive Review

“…However, the viscosity of the SF bioink depends on the type of 3D-bioprinter used. In the case of an extrusion-based printer, a high viscous solution is needed for the extrusion, whereas in the case of an inkjet printer, the viscosity must be low in order to generate droplets [ 82 ].…”

Bioprinting Au Natural: The Biologics of Bioinks

“…Silk fibers are common in the medical field, most familiar as sutures; however, these two proteins can be separated, and both have unique properties that make them attractive for bioink development. Fibroin is a biocompatible hydrophobic protein with a tailorable rate of biodegradation, high mechanical modulus, and the ability to self-assemble into a hydrogel when dissolved in an aqueous solution [ 132 ]. It forms thermodynamically stable β-sheets which improve mechanical integrity and slow degradation following gelation [ 133 ].…”

3D Bioprinting of Biomimetic Bilayered Scaffold Consisting of Decellularized Extracellular Matrix and Silk Fibroin for Osteochondral Repair

“…However, the mechanical strength of DCM and DBM is insufficient because of the loss of cartilage/bone native tissue structure during the homogenization and solubilization process[ 36 , 37 ]. Silk fibroin (SF) is a natural biopolymer that is widely investigated for various 3D bioprinting and tissue engineering applications due to its remarkable mechanical properties, biocompatibility and biodegradation nature[ 38 , 39 ]. In our previous study, we reported the use of a cross-linker-free DCM-SF bioink in printing 3D construct which had similar mechanical properties compared with native cartilage tissue[ 37 ].…”