“…There are other pollutants on the road surface, such as sand, salt, and oil leakage, which will also negatively affect the anti-skid performance of the road [21,22] over a long period of time; as the wheels roll over, these pollutants on the road surface are diffused, leading to compaction, thus blocking the asphalt pavement gaps and reducing the roughness of the road surface, so that the road surface loses its original anti-skid performance, especially in the presence of wind-accumulated sand. In addition, changes in temperature also affect the anti-skid performance of pavements [23,24], and the anti-skid performance in summer is generally lower than that in winter under the conditions of a clean road surface. All of the above are problems faced by asphalt pavement skid resistance performance, the pavement skid resistance performance is vulnerable to the interference of the external environment.…”