“…Powstańców Warszawy 8,Poland, akubit@prz.edu.pl, ORCID ID: 0000-0002-6179-5359 resistance over a wide range of pressures, ease of removal from the product and biodegradability (Krasowski, 2021). Despite the fact that most of the process lubricants used in SMF operations are based on synthetic oils, Carcel et al (2005), Idegwu et al (2019), Rao et al (2009) indicate that vegetable oils can be an effective alternative.…”