Evaluation of spermatogenesis and fertility in F1 male rats after in utero and neonatal exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields

Chung, Moon-Koo; Lee, S. J.; Kim, Y. B.; Park, S. C.; Shin, Dong–Ho; Kim, S. H.; Kim, J. C.

doi:10.1111/j.1745-7262.2005.00007.x

Cited by 48 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Some studies have shown that the effect of EMF on fertility by cell phone use negatively affects sperm quality in men [9]. In contrast, exposure of Sprague-Dawley rats to a 60 Hz EMF at field strengths of up to 500 lT from day 6 of gestation to day 21 of lactation did not produce any detectable alterations in offspring spermatogenesis and fertility [11]. The different results may use different animals and choose different exposure time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Cell phone use negatively affects sperm quality in men [9] and ELF-EMF (extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields) has detrimental effects on female reproductive system in mice by decreasing the number of flushed blastocysts and increasing the height of fallopian tube epithelial cells [10]. In contrast, some studies showed that exposure to ELF-EMF did not induce any adverse effects on spermatogenesis and reproductive capacity in experimental animals and human [11]. This chronic exposure study was conducted to investigate the effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields on the tumor promotion process and fertility in mice.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) exposure on B6C3F1 mice

Zuo

Zhou

et al. 2015

Environ Health Prev Med

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Objective Long-term exposure study was conducted to investigate the effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field on the tumor promotion process and fertility. Methods Ten pregnant C57BL/6NCrj mice were exposed to 50 Hz field 500 mG for 1 week (12 h per day), and 24 male and 42 female B6C3F1mice born from them were further exposed up to 15.5 months. As a control group, 10 pregnant mice were bred without exposure, and 30 produced male and 32 female mice were observed without exposure for the same period. Results Mean body weights of exposed groups of male and female mice were decreased significantly than those of the control groups. In exposed mice, there was no increased incidence of liver and lung tumor. In female mice, the incidence of chronic myeloid leukemia [3/42 (7 %)] in the exposed group was significantly greater than in the control group. The size of seminiferous tubules in the EMF exposed groups were significantly less than the control group. Conclusions These data support the hypothesis that longterm exposure of 50 Hz magnetic fields is a significant risk factor for neoplastic development and fertility in mice.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) exposure on B6C3F1 mice

Zuo

Zhou

et al. 2015

Environ Health Prev Med

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“…Research carried out to evaluate the possible adverse effects of electric and magnetic fields on spermatogenesis are still controversial. Studies reported no adverse effects on male fertility related to low-frequency electric and magnetic field exposure (Chung et al, 2005;Elbetieha et al, 2002;Heredia-Rojas et al, 2004;Tablado et al, 2000). However, we should take into account several studies reporting adverse effects caused by low frequency electric and magnetic fields on male fertility: increased incidence of germ cells apoptosis; cytotoxic effects on spermatogonia; deceleration of spermatogenesis; degeneration of germ cells; changes in the testicular intertubular tissue; decreased testicular biopsy score; delay in testicular development; induction of testicular degeneration; reduction in count, motility and daily sperm production; changes in spermatozoa intracellular Ca 2þ homeostasis; reduced sperm ability to penetrate the oocyte; damage to the plasma membrane and acrosome; reduction of fertility in rats; adverse effects on human semen quality (Al-Akhras et al, 2001;Aydin et al, 2007;Bernabò et al, 2007;Bruyn and Jager, 2010;De Vita et al, 1995;Khaki et al, 2006;Kim et al, 2009;Lee et al, 2004;Li et al, 2010;Ramadan et al, 2002;Tenorio et al, 2011Tenorio et al, , 2012.…”

Section: Controlmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…However, the generation, distribution and use of electric energy can artificially generate extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields (Chung et al, 2005). Although many people are exposed daily to ELF magnetic fields generated by electricity distribution networks, electronic devices and other magnetic fields sources, it is not clear if these magnetic fields can impair the fertility recovery of men suffering from reversible testicular damage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extremely low-frequency magnetic fields can impair spermatogenesis recovery after reversible testicular damage induced by heat

Tenório

Filho

Jimenez

et al. 2013

Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine

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Male infertility is often related to reproductive age couples experiencing fertility-related issues. Men may have fertility problems associated with reversible testicular damage. Considering that men have been increasingly exposed to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields generated by the production, distribution and use of electricity, this study analyzed whether 60 Hz and 1 mT magnetic field exposure may impair spermatogenesis recovery after reversible testicular damage induced by heat shock using rats as an experimental model. Adult male rats were subjected to a single testicular heat shock (HS, 43 °C for 12 min) and then exposed to the magnetic field for 15, 30 and 60 d after HS. Magnetic field exposure during the spermatogenesis recovery induced changes in testis components volume, cell ultrastructure and histomorphometrical parameters. Control animals had a reestablished and active spermatogenesis at 60 d after heat shock, while animals exposed to magnetic field still showed extensive testicular degeneration. Magnetic field exposure did not change the plasma testosterone. In conclusion, extremely low-frequency magnetic field may be harmful to fertility recovery in males affected by reversible testicular damage.

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“…However, exposure to a 60 Hz sinusoidal MF of 2 mT for 72 hours or 8 hours of daily exposure for 10 consecutive days did not inflict on any statistically significant differences in meiotic chromosome aberrations in spermatocytes and any change of sperm morphology in animals [17]. In a pregnant Sprague-Dawley rat study, the continuous exposure to a 60 Hz EMF of 5, 83.3 or 500 μT from day 6 through day 21 of gestation did not affect the spermatogenesis and fertility in the first generation of offspring (F1) [18]. Further, 50 Hz ELF-MF exposure has a significant effect on female sex hormones in rats [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endonuclease G is Upregulated and Required in Testicular Germ Cell Apoptosis after Exposure to 60 Hz at 200 μT

Park¹,

Kim²,

Kim³

et al. 2015

Journal of electromagnetic engineering and science

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Several reports supported that continuous exposure to 60 Hz magnetic field (MF) induces testicular germ cell apoptosis in vivo. We recently evaluated duration-and dose-dependent effects of continuous exposure to a 60 Hz MF on the testes in mice. BALB/c male mice were exposed to a 60 Hz MF at 100 μT for 24 hours a day for 2, 4, 6, or 8 weeks, and at 2, 20 or 200 μT for 24 hours a day for 8 weeks.To induce the apoptosis of testicular germ cell in mice, the minimum dose is 20 μT at continuous exposure to a 60 Hz MF for 8 weeks, and the minimum duration is 6 weeks at continuous exposure of 100 μT. Continuous exposure to a 60 Hz MF might affect duration-and dose-dependent biological processes including apoptotic cell death and spermatogenesis in the male reproductive system of mice. The safety guideline of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) indicates that the permissible maximum magnetic flux density for general public exposure is 200 μT at 60 Hz EMF (ICNIRP Guidelines, 2010). In the present study, we aimed to examine the expression of pro-and anti-apoptotic genes regulated by the continuous exposure to 60 Hz at 200 μT in Sprague-Dawley rats for 20 weeks. The continuous exposure to 60 Hz at 200 μT does not affect the body and testicular weight in rats. However, exposure to 60 Hz MF significantly affects testicular germ cell apoptosis and sperm count. Further, the apoptosis-related gene was scrutinized after exposure to 60 Hz at 200 μT for 20 weeks. We found that the message level of endonuclease G (EndoG) was greatly increased following the exposure to 60 Hz at 200 μT compared with sham control. These data suggested that 60 Hz magnetic field induced testicular germ cell apoptosis through mitochondrial protein Endo G.Key Words: 60 Hz Magnetic Field, Apoptosis, Endonuclease G, Reproductive Function, Testicular Germ Cell. Manuscript received May 11, 2015 ; Revised June 25, 2015 ; Accepted July 7, 2015. (ID No. 20150511-026J) This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ⓒ

show abstract

Evaluation of spermatogenesis and fertility in F1 male rats after in utero and neonatal exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields

Abstract: Exposure of Sprague-Dawley rats to a 60 Hz EMF at field strengths of up to 500 microT from day 6 of gestation to day 21 of lactation did not produce any detectable alterations in offspring spermatogenesis and fertility.

Cited by 48 publications

References 22 publications

Effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) exposure on B6C3F1 mice

Effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) exposure on B6C3F1 mice

Extremely low-frequency magnetic fields can impair spermatogenesis recovery after reversible testicular damage induced by heat

Endonuclease G is Upregulated and Required in Testicular Germ Cell Apoptosis after Exposure to 60 Hz at 200 μT

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