Evaluation of the Ames Seralyzer for the Determination of Carbamazepine, Phenobarbital, and Phenytoin Concentrations in Saliva

Miles, Michael V.; Tennison, Michael B.; Greenwood, Robert; Benoit, Susan E.; Thorn, Michael; Messenheimer, John A.; Ehle, Albert L.

doi:10.1097/00007691-199009000-00016

Cited by 28 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…Many applications of the ARIS technique are already available in dry reagent format. These use an Ames Seralizer reflectometer that was specifically developed for this assay format [98][99][100][101]. Tests are provided for blood/ serum/plasma or saliva.…”

Section: Threatsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lateral flow (immuno)assay: its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. A literature survey

2008

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Lateral flow (immuno)assays are currently used for qualitative, semiquantitative and to some extent quantitative monitoring in resource-poor or non-laboratory environments. Applications include tests on pathogens, drugs, hormones and metabolites in biomedical, phytosanitary, veterinary, feed/food and environmental settings. We describe principles of current formats, applications, limitations and perspectives for quantitative monitoring. We illustrate the potentials and limitations of analysis with lateral flow (immuno)assays using a literature survey and a SWOT analysis (acronym for "strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats"). Articles referred to in this survey were searched for on MEDLINE, Scopus and in references of reviewed papers. Search terms included "immunochromatography", "sol particle immunoassay", "lateral flow immunoassay" and "dipstick assay".

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Section: Threatsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lateral flow (immuno)assay: its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. A literature survey

2008

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“…[48][49][50][51][52][53][54]56,73,[84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95] The salivary concentration of carbamazepine is similar to the free, non-protein bound concentration in serum with mean saliva/serum total carbamazepine concentration ratios ranging 0.26-0.44, whereas the mean saliva/serum-free carbamazepine concentration ratios ranged 1.39-1.44. [48][49][50][51][52][53][54]56,73,[84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95] The salivary concentration of carbamazepine is similar to the free, non-protein bound concentration in serum with mean saliva/serum total carbamazepine concentration ratios ranging 0.26-0.44, whereas the mean saliva/serum-free carbamazepine concentration ratios ranged 1.39-1.44.…”

Section: Saliva Tdm For Carbamazepinementioning

confidence: 99%

“…26,49,50,53,54,56,57,[73][74][75][134][135][136][137] Two studies have demonstrated that the distribution of phenobarbital into saliva depends on salivary pH 56,136 ; however, other studies have not found an effect of pH. A number of studies in both adults and children with epilepsy have demonstrated that phenobarbital distributes into saliva with saliva/total serum phenobarbital concentration ratios ranging 0.2-0.52, whereas the mean saliva/serum-free phenobarbital concentration ratios ranged 0.63-0.68.…”

Section: Saliva Tdm For Phenobarbitalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antiepileptic Drugs by Use of Saliva

Patsalos¹,

Berry²

2013

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

170

126

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Blood (serum/plasma) antiepileptic drug (AED) therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) has proven to be an invaluable surrogate marker for individualizing and optimizing the drug management of patients with epilepsy. Since 1989, there has been an exponential increase in AEDs with 23 currently licensed for clinical use, and recently, there has been renewed and extensive interest in the use of saliva as an alternative matrix for AED TDM. The advantages of saliva include the fact that for many AEDs it reflects the free (pharmacologically active) concentration in serum; it is readily sampled, can be sampled repetitively, and sampling is noninvasive; does not require the expertise of a phlebotomist; and is preferred by many patients, particularly children and the elderly. For each AED, this review summarizes the key pharmacokinetic characteristics relevant to the practice of TDM, discusses the use of other biological matrices with particular emphasis on saliva and the evidence that saliva concentration reflects those in serum. Also discussed are the indications for salivary AED TDM, the key factors to consider when saliva sampling is to be undertaken, and finally, a practical protocol is described so as to enable AED TDM to be applied optimally and effectively in the clinical setting. Overall, there is compelling evidence that salivary TDM can be usefully applied so as to optimize the treatment of epilepsy with carbamazepine, clobazam, ethosuximide, gabapentin, lacosamide, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, primidone, topiramate, and zonisamide. Salivary TDM of valproic acid is probably not helpful, whereas for clonazepam, eslicarbazepine acetate, felbamate, pregabalin, retigabine, rufinamide, stiripentol, tiagabine, and vigabatrin, the data are sparse or nonexistent.

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“…1, the molecules are believed to exist as zwitterionic, cationic and anionic species and percentages of the uncharged species are very low. 9) On the basis of the pH-partition theory in which it is assumed that the zwitterionic forms being electrically neutral can primarily diffuse across the membrane, 9) the theoretical S/P u ratios of the fluoroquinolones can be expressed as the following equation which was modified from Matin's equation 19) : (1) S/P u ϭS/Pϫ1/ f u,p (2) where pH s and pH p represent measured pH values of saliva and plasma, respectively, and f u,s and f u,p represent unbound fractions of the fluoroquinolones in saliva and plasma. Since the protein content in saliva is so low as to be negligible compared to the plasma protein concentration, f u,s was assumed to be 1.0.…”

Section: Determination Of the Fluoroquinolone Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In previous studies, it was demonstrated that saliva analysis was a feasible alternative to plasma analysis for therapeutic monitoring in several agents of various classes including phenytoin, 2,3) carbamazepine 2,3) and theophylline. 4) Fluoroquinolones are a group of relatively new antibiotics with a broad and effective spectrum of antimicrobial activity against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%