Evaluation of the Antifungal Activity of Zataria multiflora, Geranium herbarium, and Eucalyptus camaldolensis Essential Oils on Saprolegnia parasitica–Infected Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Eggs

Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate and assess the capability of Zataria multiflora, Geranium herbarium, and Eucalyptus camaldolensis essential oils in treating Saprolegnia parasitica-infected rainbow (Oncorhynchus mykiss) trout eggs. A total of 150 infected eggs were collected and plated on glucose-pepton agar at 24°C for 2 weeks. The antifungal assay of essential oils against S. parasitica was determined by a macrodilution broth technique. The eggs were treated with essential oils at concentrations of 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 ppm daily with three repetitions until the eyed eggs stage. Of 150 eggs examined, S. parasitica (54.3%), Saprolegnia spp. (45%), and Fusarium solani (0.7%) were isolated. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of Z. multiflora, E. camaldolensis, and G. herbarium essential oils against S. parasitica were 0.9, 2.3, and 4.8 ppm, respectively. Zataria multiflora and E. camaldolensis at concentrations of 25, 50, and 100 ppm, and G. herbarium at concentration of 100 ppm had significant differences in comparison with negative control (p<0.05). The results revealed that malachite green, followed by Z. multiflora, E. camaldolensis, and G. herbarium treated eggs had remained the most number of final eyed eggs after treatment. The highest final larvae rates belonged to malachite green, E. camaldolensis, Z. multiflora, and G. herbarium, respectively. The most hatching rates were recorded with malachite green (22%), and then Z. multiflora (11%), E. camaldolensis (7%), G. herbarium (3%), and negative control (1%). Zataria multiflora and E. camaldolensis were more effective than G. herbarium for the treatment of S. parasitica-infected rainbow trout eggs in aquaculture environment.

Antioxidant, antifungal, water binding, and mechanical properties of poly(vinyl alcohol) film incorporated with essential oil as a potential wound dressing material

“…PVA films incorporated with ZMO are effective against all fungi tested. Previous study suggested that ZMO is a good source of phenolic monoterpenes (thymol and carvacrol), with a significant antimicrobial activity against Candida , Aspergillus , Malassezia , Fusarium, and Saprolegnia species . The antifungal activities of phenolic compounds is related with the attack on the phospholipids present in the cell membranes, which causes increased permeability and leakage of cytoplasm, or in their interaction with enzymes located on the cell wall .…”

Antifungal effect ofOriganum onitesessential oil as an alternative to formalin in the artificial incubation of narrow-clawed crayfish (Astacus leptodactylusEschscholtz, 1823)

“…Khosravi et al . () pointed out that Zataria multiflora (5 and 10 ppm) and Eucalyptus camaldolensis (25 ppm) increased hatching rates in rainbow trout eggs. The recommended doses of herbal oils used in these studies (Rohani et al .…”

“…It is reported that some herbal products such as Geranium herbarum (Rohani, Ebrahimzadeh Mousavi, Khosravi, Mokhayer, Mirzargar & Mehrabi ), Thymus vulgaris , Salvia officinalis , Eucalyptus globulus and Mentha piperita contamination (Mousavi, Mirzargar, Ebrahim Zadeh Mousavi, Omid Baigi, Khosravi, Bahor & Ahmadi ), Zataria multiflora and Eucalyptus camaldolensis (Khosravi, Shokri, Sharifrohani, Mousavi & Moosavi ) reduced fungal contamination compared with the control group in rainbow trout eggs (Rohani et al . ; Mousavi et al .…”

Biocontrol of saprolegniosis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) using two bacterial isolates (LE89 and LE141) of Pseudomonas fluorescens

“…In addition, none of the available compounds offers sufficient protection after the rearing period (Forneris et al, ). Among the alternatives to chemotherapy are the use of plant extracts (Chukanhom, Borisuthpeth, & Hatai, ; Hashemi Karouei, Sadeghpour Haji, & Gholampour Azizi, ; Khosravi, Shokri, Sharifrohani, Mousavi, & Moosavi, ; Madrid et al, ; Udomkusonsri, Trongvanichnam, Limpoka, & Klangkaen, ) or probiotics (Lategan, Torpy, & Gibson, ; ).…”