Evaluation of the aquatic toxic effect varied during the degradation of capecitabine under the environmental abiotic and biotic processes

Abstract

Environmental risk due to the growing use of anticancer drugs has drawn wide public concern.

Anticancer drugs in the environment: environmental levels and technological challenges

“…Physicochemical treatment comprises membrane filtration processes (Cristo ´va ˜o et al, 2019;Verliefde et al, 2007;Wang et al, 2009) and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). The AOPS can be further subdivided into UV-based photodegradation treatments such as photolysis (UV) (Buerge et al, 2006;Franquet-Griell et al, 2017a;González-Burciaga et al, 2020;Governo et al, 2017;Guo et al, 2015;Janssens et al, 2019;Kovalova et al, 2013;Lin et al, 2013;Lutterbeck et al, 2016;Zhang & Lim, 2020;Zhang et al, 2017a); photooxidation treatments (UV-H 2 O 2 ; UV-Cl, UV-Na 2 S 2 O 8 ) (Akbari & Adibzadeh, 2020;Franquet-Griell et al, 2017a;González-Burciaga et al, 2020;Janssens et al, 2019;Lee et al, 2021;Lester et al, 2011;Lutterbeck et al, 2015a;Lutterbeck et al, 2015b;Lutterbeck et al, 2015c;Tang et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2017a;Zhang et al, 2017b) and photocatalytic oxidation treatments (UV-TiO 2 , UV-BiOCl n Br m , UV-BiOClBr, UV-Fenton's reagent) (Borzyszkowska et al, 2016;Chatzimpaloglou et al, 2021;Cristea Ionut, Arcadie, Constantin Lucian, Constantin Mirela, & Nitoi, 2020;Governo, Santos, Alves, & Madeira, 2017;Janssens et al, 2019;Koltsakidou et al, 2017;Kovalova et al, 2013;Lai, Lin, & Lin, 2015;Lin & Lin, 2014;Lutterbeck et al, 2015c;Lutt...…”

“…UV-based photodegradation treatments were able to remove effectively (with percentages higher than 99%) capecitabine, doxorubicin, etoposide, vincristine, and 5-fluorouracil from Milli-Q water, municipal wastewater, or synthetic urine (Franquet-Griell et al, 2017a;Governo et al, 2017;Guo et al, 2015;Janssens et al, 2019;Lutterbeck et al, 2016). High removal efficiencies were also attained when gemcitabine, irinotecan, and cyclophosphamide drugs were spiked into an aqueous solution (Milli-Q water) and treated with UV (namely, 90%, 85%, and 80%; Franquet-Griell et al, 2017a).…”

“…Despite the high removal efficiencies obtained, the physiochemical treatment can, in a generalized manner, produce toxic metabolites. Increased toxicity for capecitabine was reported even when higher values of UV were used in treatments (Guo et al, 2015). Also, cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide photocatalytic treatment (UV/TiO 2 ) led to higher toxicity of the treated effluent (Lai et al, 2015).…”

H2O2 activated moxa ash via ball milling for ultrafast removal of mitoxantrone

“…Various types of water purication technologies, such as membrane ltration, [6][7][8] adsorption, 9 biological treatment 10 and advanced oxidation 11 have been developed. Among them, adsorption-based technologies show prominent advantages of being inexpensive, efficient and easy to operate.…”