Evaluation of the capacity of oxidized phosphatidylserines to induce the expression of cytokines in monocytes and dendritic cells

Phototherapy-Induced Antitumor Immunity: Long-Term Tumor Suppression EffectsviaPhotoinactivation of Respiratory Chain Oxidase-Triggered Superoxide Anion Burst

“…However, AC generate oxidatively modified phospholipids, which can affect immune responses and produce a local inflammatory response by recruiting monocytes (3). Studies have suggested that synthetic oxPS, which is generated under Fenton reaction conditions, induces pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in monocytes and dendritic cells (5). Investigations have also demonstrated that increased oxPS content is generated by ROS during oxidative stress-induced apoptosis (19,38).…”

Detection of phosphatidylserine with a modified polar head group in human keratinocytes exposed to the radical generator AAPH

“…PS is normally maintained in the inner leaflet membrane by the action of aminophospholipid translocase; it seems probable that GPAA derivatives in membranes, like PS oxidized at the fatty acyl chains, would not be recognized by this enzyme, thus promoting the presence of PS modified in polar head-group in outer leaflet membrane and contributing to the recognition of apoptotic cells. Interestingly, a recent study evaluated the capacity of GPAA to stimulate monocytes and dendritic cells to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and the results showed that GPAA has no pro-inflammatory activity [12].…”

“…These types of oxidation products retained an intact PS head-group and are usually identified by the typical fragmentation pathways under MS/MS conditions, which involved the loss of the serine group [8,10,11]. However, in a recent study of oxidation of PS standards using the Fenton reagent, it was observed that the PS head-group can also undergo oxidative modifications leading to the formation of modified polar head-groups [10,12]. Among these oxidation products, the derivatives with a polar head-group containing an acetic acid linked to the phosphate group, called glycerophosphoacetic acid (GPAA), were found to be the most abundant [10].…”

“…As yet, PS modified in the serine polar head-group has only been found in mitochondria from brain of rats treated with tacrine, which is associated with neurotoxicity and oxidative stress conditions [13]. Evaluation of proinflammatory activities of PS oxidation products with modifications in serine polar head-group was tested through cytokine production, and it was found that GPAA had no pro-inflammatory activity [12]. Until now, no other efforts have been made to detect these species with oxidative modifications on the polar head-group of PS.…”

Characterization of cardiolipins and their oxidation products by LC–MS analysis

“…Oxidized phospholipids have been identified as important signals in several pathological conditions (da Silva et al, 2012; Greig et al, 2012; Thomas and O’Donnell, 2012), thus necessitating detailed studies of tissue-, cell- and organelle-specific biomarkers of phospholipid oxidation. Notably, changes in the CL content, composition (Chicco and Sparagna, 2007; Lesnefsky and Hoppel, 2008; Paradies et al, 1993) as well as its oxidation levels (Ferreira et al, 2013; Paradies et al, 2009; Tyurina et al, 2013), have been associated with mitochondrial dysfunction potentially pointing to their role as informative biomarkers.…”