Evaluation of the combined deterioration by freeze–thaw and carbonation of mortar incorporating BFS, limestone powder and calcium sulfate

Zhang, Wenyan; Na, Seunghyun; Kim, Junho; Choi, Hyeonggil; Hama, Yukio

doi:10.1617/s11527-017-1039-1

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 42 publications

(48 reference statements)

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“…The freeze-thaw performance significantly improved when the water content of these composite concrete was reduced. Similar results were observed by Zhang et al [184], who identified a reduction in the carbonation and freeze-thaw resistance of blends with higher volumes of slag replacement, although addition of limestone slightly enhanced the performance of these materials. In pre-carbonated specimens exposed to freeze-thaw cycles, a reduced scaling resistance and higher internal damage was identified compared with non-carbonated specimens [184,185].…”

Section: Figuresupporting

confidence: 89%

Supplementary cementitious materials: New sources, characterization, and performance insights

Juenger

Snellings

Bernal

2019

Cement and Concrete Research

730

171

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Conventional supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), such as blast furnace slags or fly ashes, have been used for many decades, and a large body of knowledge has been collected regarding their compositional make-up and their impacts on cement hydration and concrete properties. This accumulated empirical experience can provide a solid, confident base to go beyond the status quo and develop a new generation of low-clinker cements composed of new types and combinations of SCMs.The need for new sources of SCMs has never been greater, as supplies of traditional SCMs are becoming restricted, and the demand for SCMs to reduce CO2 emissions from concrete production is increasing. In this paper, recent research on emerging SCM sources is reviewed, along with new developments in characterizing and qualifying SCMs for use and improved knowledge of SCMs on long-term concrete performance and durability. Keywords(B) Characterization; (C) Durability; (D) Blended Cement; (D) Filler; (D) Pozzolan Material Chemistry Used as SCM (Mt/y)Total volume est. (Mt/y) Comments Blast furnace slag Ca-Si-Al 330 300-360 Nearly fully used, latent hydraulic Coal fly ash Si-Al 330-400 700-1100 Subject to limitations on carbon content, reactivity Natural pozzolans Si-Al 75 Large accessible reserves Large variety/variability, often high water demand Silica fume Si 0.5-1 1-2.5 Used in high-performance concrete Calcined clays Si-Al 3 Large accessible reserves Metakaolin performs best, often high water demand Limestone CaCO3 300 Large accessible reserves Cementitious contribution in combination with reactive aluminates Biomass ash Si 0 100-140 Competition with use as soil amendment, high water demand, (for some: high alkali contents) MSWI bottom ash Si-Al-Ca 0 30-60 Expansive and corrosive components, leaching issues Steel slag Ca-Si-Fe 0 (negligible) 170-250 Various types, can contain expansive components (CaO) or leachable heavy C L reactivity Copper slag Fe-Si 0 (some as filler) 30-40 Low reactivity, leaching of heavy metals, more research needed Other non-ferro slags Fe-(Si)-(Ca) 0 (some as filler) 5-15 Mt/y each (FeCr, Pb, Ni) Low reactivity, leaching of heavy metals, more research needed

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Section: Figuresupporting

confidence: 89%

Supplementary cementitious materials: New sources, characterization, and performance insights

Juenger

Snellings

Bernal

2019

Cement and Concrete Research

730

171

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“…Rostami et al [8] reported that carbonation improves strength and durability. Zhang et al [9] experimentally identified the resistance to freeze-thaw with and without carbonation, and the results revealed that the reduction in weight loss is due to carbonation. However, the effects of the change in chemical composition have not been considered.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Blast-Furnace Slag Replacement Ratio and Curing Method on Pore Structure Change after Carbonation on Cement Paste

Kim

Hama

2020

Materials

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The frost damage resistance of blast-furnace slag (BFS) cement is affected by carbonation. Hence, this study investigates the carbonation properties of pastes incorporating BFS with different replacement ratios, such as 15%, 45%, and 65% by weight, and different curing conditions, including air and carbonation. The BFS replacement ratio properties, determined by the Ca/Si ratio of calcium silicate hydrate in the cement paste sample, were experimentally investigated using mercury intrusion porosimetry, X-ray diffraction, and thermal analysis. The experimental investigation of the pore structure revealed that total porosity decreased after carbonation. In addition, the porosity decreased at a higher rate as the BFS replacement rate increased. Results obtained from this study show that the chemical change led to the higher replacement rate of BFS, which produced a higher amount of vaterite. In addition, the lower the Ca/Si ratio, the higher the amount of calcium carbonate originating from calcium silicate hydrate rather than from calcium hydroxide. As a result of the pore structure change, the number of ink-bottle pores was remarkably reduced by carbonation. Comparing the pore structure change in air-cured and carbonation test specimens, it was found that as the replacement rate of BFS increased, the number of pores with a diameter of 100 nm or more also increased. The higher the replacement rate of BFS, the higher the amount of calcium carbonate produced compared with the amount of calcium hydroxide produced during water curing. Due to the generation of calcium carbonate and the change in pores, the overall number of pores decreased as the amount of calcium carbonate increased.

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“…Similarly, pore coarsening upon carbonation of composite cements should intensify scaling. Increased carbonation has been noted in both OPC and composite cements when concrete samples are subjected to freeze-thaw cycles prior to carbonation (Zhang et al, 2017b, Ferreira et al, 2017, and in field data (Kuosa et al, 2014), where micro-cracking can account for the reduced carbonation resistance. Conversely, carbonation may mitigate surface scaling depending on the cement type.…”

Section: Freeze-thaw Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, lower scaled matter was measured under freeze-thaw conditions in pre-carbonated concrete containing clinker factors exceeding 80%. At lower clinker factors (<50%), there was reduced buffering of C-S-H carbonation and hence permeability increased (Zhang et al, 2017b), leading to faster saturation. Field performance of air entrained composite cement concrete, including limestone ternary blends, under combined exposure to carbonation, chloride ingress and freeze-thaw have been reported (Kuosa et al, 2014) after three winter seasons.…”

Section: Freeze-thaw Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

From composition to the microstructure and durability of limestone ternary blended cements: A systematic review

Adu-Amankwah

Rahmon

Black

2022

Advances in Cement Research

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Limestone ternary cements have attracted significant research and commercial attention recently, for technical and environmental reasons. Standardization of these cements is imminent under BS EN197-5. Presently, detailed understanding of the hydration and microstructure evolution of limestone ternary cements from different alumina-rich supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) exists in the scientific literature; improved reaction kinetics and additional phase assemblages refine the pore structure. However, understanding of the performance of these cements under exposure conditions is less prevalent. In this contribution, we review these data in a way that allows stakeholders to appreciate the capabilities of the different compositions and their performance. We focus our discussion on critically examining the interplay between the cement composition and the microstructure on durability. It is demonstrated that limestone ternary cements offer a pathway for reducing the embodied CO2 of concrete without compromising their performance. The resistance to chloride ingress, sulphate attack and ASR are significantly improved in a manner similar to binary cements. Carbonation and freeze-thaw resistance is generally lower than OPC but adequate air entrainment can offer improvement in freeze-thaw resistance. The challenge to widespread adoption of these cements is evidence of durability under field conditions. To this end, we recommend large-scale field trialling of these cements and understanding of the role of combined exposures on durability and mechanical properties.

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Evaluation of the combined deterioration by freeze–thaw and carbonation of mortar incorporating BFS, limestone powder and calcium sulfate

Cited by 9 publications

References 42 publications

Supplementary cementitious materials: New sources, characterization, and performance insights

Supplementary cementitious materials: New sources, characterization, and performance insights

Effect of Blast-Furnace Slag Replacement Ratio and Curing Method on Pore Structure Change after Carbonation on Cement Paste

From composition to the microstructure and durability of limestone ternary blended cements: A systematic review

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