Evaluation of the Demand Response Performance of Electric Water Heaters

Mayhorn, Ebony T.; Widder, Sarah H.; Parker, Steven; Pratt, Robert G.; Chassin, Forrest S.

doi:10.2172/1177305

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…For more information, visit: energy.gov/eere/buildings/grid-interactive-efficient-buildings. (Denholm et al 2019;CAISO 2018b) Variablefrequency drives (Macdonald et al 2014), water heaters (Hledik et al 2016;Mayhorn et al 2015) Delivery Services Moderate. Opportunities to defer or avoid the need for investments in T&D infrastructure are highly location dependent.…”

Section: Field Validation and Implementationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Grid-Interactive Efficient Buildings Technical Report Series: Overview of Research Challenges and Gaps

Neukomm

Nubbe

Fares

2019

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These definitions are for the purposes of the Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings Technical Report Series. They may be defined differently or more generally in other contexts. Grid servicesServices that support the generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity and provide value through avoided electricity system costs (generation and/or delivery costs); this report focuses on grid services that can be provided by grid-interactive efficient buildings. Distributed energy resource (DER)A resource sited close to customers that can provide all or some of their immediate power needs and/or can be used by the utility system to either reduce demand or provide supply to satisfy the energy, capacity, or ancillary service needs of the grid. Load profileA building's load profile describes when-time of day or hour of the year-the building is consuming energy (typically used to refer to electricity consumption but can also describe on-site fuel use); load shape and load curve are often used interchangeably, but all refer to the timing of energy use. Energy efficiencyOngoing reduction in energy use to provide the same or improved level of function. Demand flexibilityCapability of DERs to adjust a building's load profile across different timescales; energy flexibility and load flexibility are often used interchangeably with demand flexibility. Demand responseChange in the rate of electricity consumption in response to price signals or specific requests of a grid operator. Demand-side managementThe modification of energy demand by customers through strategies, including energy efficiency, demand response, distributed generation, energy storage, electric vehicles, and/or time-of-use pricing structures. Grid-interactive efficient building (GEB)An energy-efficient building that uses smart technologies and on-site DERs to provide demand flexibility while co-optimizing for energy cost, grid services, and occupant needs and preferences, in a continuous and integrated way. Smart technologies for energy managementAdvanced controls, sensors, models, and analytics used to manage DERs.GEBs are characterized by their use of these technologies.

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Section: Field Validation and Implementationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Grid-Interactive Efficient Buildings Technical Report Series: Overview of Research Challenges and Gaps

Neukomm

Nubbe

Fares

2019

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“…For more information, visit: energy.gov/eere/buildings/grid-interactive-efficient-buildings. 26 Range based on observed differences between average peak and off-peak prices reported for ERCOT ($8.41/MWh; Potomac Economics 2018a), ISO-NE ($7.30/MWh; ISO-NE 2018b), and CAISO ($50-$60/MWh; Hildebrandt et al 2018 (Macdonald et al 2014), water heaters (Hledik et al 2016;Mayhorn et al 2015) Delivery Services Non-Wires Solutions $0-$200 per kW reduction in peak downstream demand per year (Baatz 2015) Location and utility dependent. Based on a survey of utility companies.…”

Section: Field Validation and Implementationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Grid-interactive buildings (GEB) Technical Report Series: Overview of Research Challenges and Gaps

Neukomm¹,

Nubbe²,

Fares³

2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

These definitions are for the purposes of the Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings Technical Report Series. They may be defined differently or more generally in other contexts. Grid services Services that support the generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity and provide value through avoided electricity system costs (generation and/or delivery costs); this report focuses on grid services that can be provided by grid-interactive efficient buildings. Distributed energy resource (DER) A resource sited close to customers that can provide all or some of their immediate power needs and/or can be used by the utility system to either reduce demand or provide supply to satisfy the energy, capacity, or ancillary service needs of the grid. Load profile A building's load profile describes when-time of day or hour of the year-the building is consuming energy (typically used to refer to electricity consumption but can also describe on-site fuel use); load shape and load curve are often used interchangeably, but all refer to the timing of energy use. Energy efficiency Ongoing reduction in energy use to provide the same or improved level of function. Demand flexibility Capability of DERs to adjust a building's load profile across different timescales; energy flexibility and load flexibility are often used interchangeably with demand flexibility. Demand response Change in the rate of electricity consumption in response to price signals or specific requests of a grid operator. Demand-side management The modification of energy demand by customers through strategies, including energy efficiency, demand response, distributed generation, energy storage, electric vehicles, and/or time-of-use pricing structures. Grid-interactive efficient building (GEB) An energy-efficient building that uses smart technologies and on-site DERs to provide demand flexibility while co-optimizing for energy cost, grid services, and occupant needs and preferences, in a continuous and integrated way. Smart technologies for energy management Advanced controls, sensors, models, and analytics used to manage DERs. GEBs are characterized by their use of these technologies.

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“…The load control law was designed in a hierarchically decentralized manner consisting of two interactive decision layers. In the first layer, a supervisory controller is responsible to gather system-level information (e.g., power flow, system topology, generation and load forecast, available responsive loads, among others), and determine the optimal gains for the responsive loads on each bus every few (e.g., [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] minutes. In the second layer, each decentralized load switched ON/OFF probabilistically in real time based on local frequency measurement so that the aggregated load response under each bus matches the desired power determined by the first layer.…”

Section: Executive Summarymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This study leveraged an existing laboratory set-up that was created for the purpose of studying and comparing the performance of traditional demand response at the timescale of hours to more rapid modes at the timescale of seconds [24]. Each experiment in this study included testing of an 80-gallon class ERWH and HPWH, with the same scheduled draw pattern and water temperature set point.…”

Section: Hardware Setup Used For Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%