Evaluation of the effect of nicotine and metabolites on the periodontal status and the mRNA expression of interleukin-1β in smokers with chronic periodontitis

Abstract

Background and Objective:Smoking is an important environmental risk factor involved in the causation and progression of periodontal disease. Smoking can impair various components of the host immune response and immune system. The virulence factors of periodontal pathogens stimulate inflammatory cytokine expression by mononuclear cells. IL-1β is the key mediator involved in the pathogenesis and disease progression. Therefore, whole gingival biopsy samples are assessed for this increased expression of IL-1.Materials and Methods:29 male subjects’ age and gender matched were divided into three groups based on the periodontal and smoking status (Group A:healthy, Group B: non-smokers suffering from chronic periodontitis, Group C: smokers suffering from chronic periodontitis). Periodontal parameters like plaque index, gingival index, probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level were recorded at baseline and post scaling. The mRNA expression of IL-1β was determined by real time polymerase chain reaction and correlated with the periodontal and smoking status.Results:The improvement in the periodontal parameters was statistically significant in the non- smokers (Group B) and there was a 2 fold increase in the mRNA expression in this group. The smokers (Group C) showed lesser improvement in the periodontal parameters and there was an 8 fold increase in the mRNA expression of IL-1β.Conclusion:Association of smoking status with periodontal destruction can thus be correlated with the increased mRNA expression of IL-1β in chronic periodontitis patients.

The association between oral hygiene and periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…A total of 2,763 studies were identified from Medline and Scopus, and 1,934 studies remained after removing duplicates. Of these, 1,878 studies were ineligible for reasons described in Figure , leaving 56 that were eligible for review. Six studies were excluded because of insufficient data after contacting the authors.…”

“…Of the remaining 50 studies, 45 objectively assessed OH using an oral examination. Of these 45 studies, 15 analysed OH as categorical data, 31 as continuous data and one as both. Eleven studies provided the association between periodontitis and oral care habits measured according to the frequency of brushing, interdental cleaning and dental visits.…”

“…Among 31 studies that measured OH on a continuous scale, 25 compared OH between periodontitis and non‐periodontitis groups using the mean scores. The SMDs were highly heterogeneous ( I 2 = 95.6%), with a pooled SMD of 2.04 (95% CI: 1.59–2.50) ( Table ).…”

aPDT for periodontitis treatment in ovariectomized rats under systemic nicotine

“…The host inflammatory response to smoking and periodontopathogens is considered a major causative factor in the local tissue destruction observed in periodontitis [12,13]. The association of smoking status with periodontal destruction can thus be correlated with the increased mRNA expression of IL-1β [14]. Nicotine induces the production of IL-1β and IL-8 via the α7 nAChR/NF-κB pathway in human periodontal ligament cells [15], and through this pathway, it induces osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast activation [13].…”

Polymerase chain reaction: A molecular diagnostic tool in periodontology

“…Smoking was associated with the mRNA expression of IL-1 β using real-time PCR in chronic periodontitis patients. [ 75 ] The expression of specific micro RNA species in periodontitis targeting and modulating cytokine mRNA using quantitative micro RNA PCR assay which provides insights to modify periodontal inflammation. [ 76 ] Quantitative mRNA expression of various growth factors; receptors toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD2 and NALP3; signaling mediators CD14, MYD88, and TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-beta were also determined by RT-PCR.…”