The association between oral hygiene and periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

ObjectiveDental plaque accumulation and inadequate personal oral hygiene (OH) are known major risk factors of periodontitis. Nevertheless, the magnitude of their effects has not yet been the subject of a meta‐analysis.Material and methodsThe Medline and Scopus databases were searched up to May 2016. Observational studies were eligible if they assessed associations between OH and periodontitis in adult subjects. A multivariate random‐effects meta‐analysis was used to pool the effects of fair/poor OH versus good OH on periodontitis across studies. The associations between oral care habits and periodontitis were also assessed.ResultsA total of 50 studies were eligible; 15 were used for pooling the effect of fair OH versus good OH and poor OH versus good OH on periodontitis, with pooled odds ratios (ORs) of 2.04 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.65–2.53] and 5.01 (95% CI: 3.40–7.39), respectively. Eleven studies examined oral care habits measured according to toothbrushing regularity and dental visit frequency; pooled ORs of 0.66 (95% CI: 0.47–0.94) and 0.68 (95% CI: 0.47–0.98) were obtained, respectively.ConclusionsFair to poor OH increases the risk of periodontitis by two‐ to five‐fold. This risk can be reduced by regular toothbrushing and dental visits.

Cross‐sectional analysis of risk factors for subclinical periodontitis; active matrix metalloproteinase‐8 as a potential indicator in initial periodontitis in adolescents

“…The dysbiotic bacterial biofilm (dental plaque and root calculus) was associated with increasing the risk of deterioration of periodontal health in this cohort of adolescents. This finding is in agreement with and further extends the systematic review by Lertpimonchai et al . who concluded that fair to poor oral hygiene is a risk factor for periodontitis in adults.…”

Assessment of interleukin‐1β, interleukin‐6, and tumor necrosis factor‐Α levels in the peri‐implant sulcular fluid among waterpipe (narghile) smokers and never‐smokers with peri‐implantitis

“…The most logical explanation for this is poor oral hygiene. Studies have shown that poor oral hygiene is a classical risk factor of periodontitis as well as peri‐implantitis . In the present study nearly 72% individuals in group‐2 reported to brush their teeth once daily and none of the individuals in either group reported to have ever used a dental floss.…”

“…28 Furthermore, nornicotine (a metabolite of nicotine), upregulates the expression of RAGE in the gingival tissues of smokers and stimulates the formation reactive oxygen species, which jeopardize the oral soft tissues and increases bone loss around teeth. 26 Studies have shown that poor oral hygiene is a classical risk factor of periodontitis 34,35 as well as peri-implantitis. 36,37 In the present study nearly 72% individuals in group-2 reported to brush their teeth once daily and none of the individuals in either group reported to have ever used a dental floss.…”

Influence of plaque control on the relationship between rheumatoid arthritis and periodontal health status among Japanese rheumatoid arthritis patients

“…As previous studies have shown that oral hygiene status affects periodontal condition, poor oral hygiene in RA patients may lead to periodontitis. In a previous case‐control study comparing RA patients and control subjects matched for age, sex, smoking status, and oral hygiene status, the RA patients had greater gingival inflammation and chronic periodontal destruction, and more missing teeth, compared with the controls .…”