Evaluation of the Effect of Contraceptives on Prevalence of Candida Species on Vaginal Candidiasis in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Abstract

This study was designed to find out the relationship between uses of different contraceptives and the prevalence of vaginal candidiasis. High vaginal swabs were obtained from 350 women in the age group of 15-45 years with vaginal discharge attending at Sir Salimullah Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, which comprised of 247 contraceptive users & 103 non-contraceptive users. A detailed clinical history and a thorough examination of all the cases were done. After making the clinical diagnosis, appropriate tests for diagnosing Candidiasis were done by using standard procedures. Of the 247 women of contraceptive users, Candida species was isolated in 140 (56.7%) cases compared to 32 (31.1%) from 103 non-contraceptive users (p value <0.001). Different species of Candida were isolated from 172 (49.1%) cases among 350 women of which C. albicans was found in 125 (72.7%) cases, C. glabrata in 29 (16.9%) cases, C. tropicalis in 13 (7.5%), and C. krusei in 5 (2.9%) cases. Among 173 oral contraceptive users, the isolation rate of Candida species was 120 (69.4%). This was followed by injectables (17, 12.2%) and IUCD (03, 2.1%) cases (p value <0.05). The study revealed a strong association between use of contraceptives and the prevalence of vaginal infection by Candida species of which C. albicans was the most common species (72.7%). Among all contraceptives, use of oral contraceptive pills (OCP) was found as the most common cause of vaginitis, next to which were injectables and IUCDs.Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2007; 01 (02): 61-64

Characterization, Virulence Factors and Antifungal Susceptibility of Vulvovaginal Candida Isolated from Women at Qena, Egypt

“…Vaginal candidiasis is a common vaginal infection attributed to different species of Candida of 88 symptomatic women, 50 (56.8%) were diagnosed as vaginal candidiasis infection with a higher prevalence rate than that reported by several researchers (Paulitsch et al, 2006;Yusuf et al, 2007 andOgouyèmi-Hounto et al, 2014). In this work, C. albicans was the predominant cause of vaginal candidiasis, followed by C. tropicalis, C. glabrata and C. krusei.…”

“…Recently, several researches were done to clarify the prevalence of different vulvovaginal Candida to age, educational level, work, personal hygiene and contraceptive method of the women (Yusuf et al, 2007;Rezaei-Matehkolaei et al, 2016 andSwaminathan et al 2017). The current study showed that the maximum incidence of vaginal candidiasis was found between youths (20-34 age), the rate of vaginitis was decreased by increasing educational level and the douching using women were more susceptible to the risk of infection with vaginitis Candida.…”

Risiko Kandidiasis Serviks Pada Wanita Usia Subur Akseptor Kontrasepsi Hormonal

“…Diperkirakan sekitar 20% populasi wanita di dunia tiap tahunnya mengalami kandidiasis serviks (19) . Angka prevalensi kandidiasis pada kelompok perempuan perilaku risiko tinggi adalah 11,2-28,9%, angka tersebut justru lebih rendah dari kelompok perempuan perilaku risiko rendah (23) .…”

“…Hasil analisis tersebut menunjukkan perbedaaan yang bermakna terjadinya kandidiasis serviks antara akseptor kontrasepsi hormonal dengan non hormonal, dengan nilai p= 0,000 (p<0.001), CI= 95% dan OR= 6,435. Penelitian ini sesuai juga dengan beberapa penelitian sebelumnya yang menunjukkan hasil serupa (4,6,13,19) . Pada beberapa penelitian tersebut didapatkan bahwa kandungan estrogen maupun progesteron yang terdapat pada kontrasepsi hormonal dapat meningkatkan glikogen pada serviks dan vagina yang selanjutnya diubah menjadi asam laktat oleh laktobasilus.…”

“…Pada beberapa penelitian tersebut didapatkan bahwa kandungan estrogen maupun progesteron yang terdapat pada kontrasepsi hormonal dapat meningkatkan glikogen pada serviks dan vagina yang selanjutnya diubah menjadi asam laktat oleh laktobasilus. Suasana asam ini merupakan suasana pendukung bagi pertumbuhan jamur terutama spesies Candida (13,19) . Selain itu diketahui juga pada jamur Candida juga terdapat reseptor estrogen yang memiliki afinitas yang kuat terhadap komponen 17-β-estradiol dari estrogen.…”