Evaluation of the Effects of Smart Charging Strategies and Frequency Restoration Reserves Market Participation of an Electric Vehicle

Rücker, Fabian; Merten, Michael; Gong, Jingyu; Villafáfila‐Robles, Roberto; Schoeneberger, Ilka; Sauer, Dirk Uwe

doi:10.3390/en13123112

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Furthermore, it is assumed that HW consumption is provided by a GB using NG for the fossil standard household topology. For residents that own an EV, we use an internal simulation tool at ISEA RWTH Aachen based on [48] to create a charging profile for a typical 11 kW AC home charger.…”

Section: Scenario Set-upmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards volatile and uncertain energy markets - quantifying costs for German residential Prosumers

Ouwerkerk,

Cortés,

Nsir

et al. 2023

Preprint

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The COVID-19 pandemic and the Russian invasion of Ukraine led to unseen disruptions in the global energy markets since the end of 2021. While German households could cut costs due to saving energy, residential energy installations like photovoltaic systems, battery home storage systems, and heat pumps are gaining traction. However, the benefit of those technologies during the energy crisis and beyond has not been quantified yet. Therefore, in this study, we benchmark residential investments for different prosumers and analyze recent political incentives and subsidies. We observe that at the climax of the energy crisis households with a heat pump could save 1,850 € and reduce equivalent CO2 emissions by 250 g/kWh annually. Politically introduced price breaks on electricity and natural gas do not reverse this advantage. Furthermore, installing a larger solar photovoltaic system and owning an electric vehicle always proves to be economically and ecologically beneficial.

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Section: Scenario Set-upmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards volatile and uncertain energy markets - quantifying costs for German residential Prosumers

Ouwerkerk,

Cortés,

Nsir

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…Rücker et al studied the provision of automatic frequency restoration reserve by EVs [9]. The results proved to be positive and profitable, however, are still not enough to cover the initial investment costs.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Participation of an EV Aggregator in the Reserve Market through Chance-Constrained Optimization

et al. 2020

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The adoption of Electric Vehicles (EVs) will revolutionize the storage capacity in the power system and, therefore, will contribute to mitigate the uncertainty of renewable generation. In addition, EVs have fast response capabilities and are suitable for frequency regulation, which is essential for the proliferation of intermittent renewable sources. To this end, EV aggregators will arise as a market representative party on behalf of EVs. Thus, this player will be responsible for supplying the power needed to charge EVs, as well as offering their flexibility to support the system. The main goal of EV aggregators is to manage the potential participation of EVs in the reserve market, accounting for their charging and travel needs. This work follows this trend by conceiving a chance-constrained model able to optimize EVs participation in the reserve market, taking into account the uncertain behavior of EVs and their charging needs. The proposed model, includes penalties in the event of a failure in the provision of upward or downward reserve. Therefore, stochastic and chance-constrained programming are used to handle the uncertainty of a small fleet of EVs and the risk profile of the EV aggregator. Two different relaxation approaches, i.e., Big-M and McCormick, of the chance-constrained model are tested and validated for different number of scenarios and risk levels, based on an actual test case in Denmark with actual driving patterns. As a final remark, the McCormick relaxation presents better performance when the uncertainty budget increases, which is appropriated for large-scale problems.

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“…Despite the relevance of the subject, few studies discuss the simultaneous coordinated control of FCSs and distributed energy resources (DERs), which is highly desired in the aforementioned scenario. When it comes to providing ancillary services between FCSs and DERs, many works address vehicle-to-grid (V2G) strategies [19,[31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44]. However, in fast charging applications, V2G is not an interesting alternative from the vehicle owner's point of view since the reverse power flow would increase the vehicle's total recharging time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coordinated, Centralized, and Simultaneous Control of Fast Charging Stations and Distributed Energy Resources

Brandao,

Callegari,

Brandao

et al. 2024

Inventions

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The growing penetration of fast charging stations (FCSs) to electric vehicles (EVs) and distributed energy resources (DERs) in the electrical power system brings technical issue changes in the voltage profile throughout grid nodes and feeder current overload. The provision of ancillary services by DERs and FCSs arises as an appealing solution to reduce these adverse effects, enhancing the grid hosting capacity. The control of microgrids is essential for the coordinated implementation of these services. Although microgrid control is widely applied to DERs, few studies address the coordinated control of DERs and FCSs to obtain benefits for the electrical power system. This paper proposes a coordinated and simultaneous control of DERs and FCSs based on the power-based control (PBC) strategy, efficiently exploiting FCSs in a microgrid model previously unaddressed in the literature. The results show that, with the coordinated control of DERs and FCSs, the control of the power flow in a minigrid (MG) is achieved both in moments of high generation and in moments of high load, even with the maximum operation of DERs. This method allows for the maintenance of voltage levels within values considered acceptable by technical standards (above 0.93 pu). The maintenance of voltage levels is derived from reducing the overload on the point of common coupling (PCC) of the minigrid by 28%, performing the peak shaving ancillary service. Furthermore, the method allows for the control of zero power flow in the PCC of the minigrid with the upstream electric grid in periods of high generation, performing the ancillary service of valley filling. The method performs this control without compromising vehicle recharging and power dispatch by DERs.

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Evaluation of the Effects of Smart Charging Strategies and Frequency Restoration Reserves Market Participation of an Electric Vehicle

Cited by 14 publications

References 16 publications

Towards volatile and uncertain energy markets - quantifying costs for German residential Prosumers

Towards volatile and uncertain energy markets - quantifying costs for German residential Prosumers

Participation of an EV Aggregator in the Reserve Market through Chance-Constrained Optimization

Coordinated, Centralized, and Simultaneous Control of Fast Charging Stations and Distributed Energy Resources

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