Evaluation of the health risks related to the presence of cyanogenic glycosides in foods other than raw apricot kernels

Schrenk, Dieter; Bignami, Margherita; Bodin, Laurent; Chipman, J.K.; Mazo, Jesús del; Grasl‐Kraupp, Bettina; Högstrand, Christer; Hoogenboom, L.A.P.; Leblanc, Jean‐Charles; Nebbia, Carlo; Nielsen, Elsa; Ntzani, Evangelia; Petersen, Annette; Sand, Salomon; Vleminckx, Christiane; Wallace, Heather M.; Benford, Diane; Brimer, Leon; Mancini, Francesca Romana; Metzler, Manfred; Viviani, Bárbara; Altieri, Andrea; Arcella, Davide; Steinkellner, Hans; Schwerdtle, Tanja

doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5662

Cited by 46 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 154 publications

(135 reference statements)

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Section: Nutritional Informationsupporting

confidence: 78%

Safety of frozen and dried formulations from whole house crickets (Acheta domesticus) as a Novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283

Nutrition¹,

Turck²,

Bohn³

et al. 2021

EFS2

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Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Food and Food Allergens ( NDA ) was asked to deliver an opinion on the safety of frozen and dried formulations from house crickets (Acheta domesticus) as a novel food pursuant to Regulation ( EU ) 2015/2283. The NF is proposed in three formulations: (i) frozen, (ii) dried, (iii) ground. The main components of the NF are protein, fat and fibre (chitin) in the dried form of the NF , and water, protein, fat and fibre (chitin) in the frozen form of the NF . The Panel notes that the concentrations of contaminants in the NF depend on the occurrence levels of these substances in the insect feed. The Panel further notes that there are no safety concerns regarding the stability of the NF if the NF complies with the proposed specification limits during its entire shelf‐life. The NF has a high‐protein content, although the true protein levels in the NF are overestimated when using the nitrogen‐to‐protein conversion factor of 6.25, due to the presence of non‐protein nitrogen from chitin. The applicant proposed to use the NF in the form of a snack, and as a food ingredient in a number of food products. The target population proposed by the applicant is the general population. The Panel notes that, considering the composition of the NF and the proposed conditions of use, the consumption of the NF is not nutritionally disadvantageous. The Panel notes that no genotoxicity and no subchronic toxicity studies with the NF were provided by the applicant. Considering that no safety concerns arise from the history of use of A. domesticus or from the compositional data of the NF , the Panel identified no other safety concerns than allergenicity. The Panel considers that the consumption of the NF might trigger primary sensitisation to A. domesticus proteins and may cause allergic reactions in subjects allergic to crustaceans, mites and molluscs. Additionally, allergens from the feed may end up in the NF . The Panel concludes that the NF is safe under the proposed uses and use levels.

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Section: Nutritional Informationsupporting

confidence: 78%

Safety of frozen and dried formulations from whole house crickets (Acheta domesticus) as a Novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283

Nutrition¹,

Turck²,

Bohn³

et al. 2021

EFS2

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“…The applicant determined the concentrations of total polyphenols, tannins, oxalic acid, phytic acid, hydrogen cyanide and trypsin inhibitors in five independently produced batches of TM dried (Table 10). The reported values in the NF are comparable to the occurrence levels of these compounds in other foodstuffs (Rao and Prabhavathi, 1982;Gupta, 1987;Holmes and Kennedy, 2000;Schlemmer et al, 2009;EFSA CONTAM Panel, 2019 Trypsin inhibition activity (mg/g) NEN-EN-ISO 14902 < 0.5 < 0.5 < 0.5 < 0.5 < 0.5 HPLC/UV: High Performance Liquid Chromatography/Ultraviolet detector. The Panel considers that taking into account the composition of the NF and the proposed conditions of use, consumption of the NF is not nutritionally disadvantageous.…”

Section: Nutritional Informationsupporting

confidence: 68%

Safety of frozen and dried formulations from whole yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor larva) as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283

Nutrition¹,

Turck²,

Bohn³

et al. 2021

EFS2

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Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on frozen and dried formulations from whole yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor larva) as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The term yellow mealworm refers to the larval form of the insect species Tenebrio molitor. The NF comprises the frozen and freeze-dried formulations of the yellow mealworm, whole or in the form of powder. The frozen formulation consists mainly of water, crude protein and fat whereas the freeze-dried formulations of crude protein, fat, digestible carbohydrates and fibre (chitin). The Panel notes that the levels of contaminants in the NF depend on the occurrence levels of these substances in the insect feed. The Panel notes furthermore that there are no safety concerns regarding the stability of the NF if the NF complies with the proposed specification limits during its entire shelf-life. The dried formulations of the NF have a high protein content, although the true protein levels in the NF are overestimated when using the nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor of 6.25, due to the presence of non-protein nitrogen from chitin. The applicant proposed to use the NF as whole frozen or whole dried insect, or in the form of powder, added as an ingredient to various food products such as cereal bars, pasta, meat imitates and bakery products. The target population is the general population. The Panel notes that, considering that the NF will not be the sole source of dietary protein, and the composition of the NF and the proposed conditions of use, the consumption of the NF is not nutritionally disadvantageous. The submitted toxicity studies from the literature did not raise safety concerns. The Panel considers that the consumption of the NF may induce primary sensitisation and allergic reactions to yellow mealworm proteins and may cause allergic reactions in subjects with allergy to crustaceans and dust mites. Additionally, allergens from the feed may end up in the NF. The Panel concludes that the NF is safe under the proposed uses and use levels.

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“…Moreover, the safety limit of cyanide differs across foods. For instance, maximum levels of HCN in cassava flour (1 mg/100 g), garri (0.2 mg/100 g), nougat and marzipan (5 mg/100 g), alcoholic beverages (3.5 mg/100 g), and canned stone fruits (0.5 mg/100 g) have already been established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (FAO/ WHO, 2011;EFSA, 2016;Schrenk et al, 2019). Interestingly, there appears to be no regulation that has stipulated the cyanide levels in foods (EFSA, 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in anti-nutrient, phytochemical, and micronutrient contents of different processed rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) seed meals

Agbai

Olawuni

Ofoedu

et al. 2021

PeerJ

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Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) is a perennial plant crop grown in many parts of Africa, South East Asia, and South America, especially within the hot and humid climatic regions. Rubber seed, either as feed or food, is a useful raw material to produce edible oil and protein. Despite the huge quantity of rubber seeds produced in Nigeria and its potential as a protein source, rubber seeds still appear neglected and under-utilised as feed/food given its perception as inedible and toxic due to the high concentration of cyanogenic glycoside. Therefore, the quest for effective processing technique(s) that would enhance its food use application is very fitting. This current study was directed to determine the changes in anti-nutrient, phytochemical, and micronutrient contents of different processed rubber seed meals. Specifically, the rubber seeds underwent processing, which employed boiling and the combined action of boiling and fermentation methods that brought about three seed meal flour groups, i.e., raw (RRSM), boiled (BRSM), and fermented (FRSM) seed meals. These were subsequently analysed for anti-nutrient/phytochemical (oxalate, phytate, tannin, phenols, saponin, hydrogen cyanide (HCN), alkaloids, flavonoids, and trypsin inhibitors), and micronutrient (which involved minerals (magnesium, phosphorus, calcium, iron, zinc, potassium, sodium, manganese, lead, and selenium) and vitamin (vitamin B1, B2, B3, C, E, and beta carotene)) contents. The results showed that the processing methods used to achieve the RRSM, BRSM, and FRSM, reduced the anti-nutrients (phytate, tannin, and oxalate) below the acceptable limits, and the HCN below the toxic levels. Importantly, the processing methods herein have not yet succeeded in removing HCN in the (processed) rubber seed meals, but can be seen to be heading toward the right direction. The FRSM obtained significantly lower (p < 0.05) anti-nutrient/phytochemical, but significantly higher (p < 0.05) mineral contents, compared with the other groups (RRSM and BRSM), except for flavonoids that obtained a 30% increase over the BRSM. Some mineral and vitamin contents could be lost in the BRSM compared to the others (RRSM and FRSM) in this study. Additionally, the FRSM obtained higher vitamin contents, after those of RRSM. Overall, the combined action of boiling and fermentation should be recommended for the proper utilisation of rubber seed as food/feed.

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Evaluation of the health risks related to the presence of cyanogenic glycosides in foods other than raw apricot kernels

Cited by 46 publications

References 154 publications

Safety of frozen and dried formulations from whole house crickets (Acheta domesticus) as a Novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283

Safety of frozen and dried formulations from whole house crickets (Acheta domesticus) as a Novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283

Safety of frozen and dried formulations from whole yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor larva) as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283

Changes in anti-nutrient, phytochemical, and micronutrient contents of different processed rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) seed meals

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