Evaluation of the Hepato- and Neuroprotective Effect of Chemical Constituents in Saussurea costus Extract Against the Toxicity Induced by Chloropyrofos Ethyl in Rats

Abstract

The health hazardous occurred in both human and animals as a result of the continuous misuse of pesticides drives the researchers for looking about the solution. Natural plant extracts contain active phyto-constituents with antioxidant potency enables them to inhibit production of the free radicals that induce damage of the cells. The present study aimed to reveal efficiency of Saussurea costus (S. costus extract) against the hepato-and neurotoxicity induced by Chloropyrofos ethyl (CPF) in experimental animals (rats). The gas chromatography / mass spectrometer (GC/MS) that used for analyzing the active constituents in S. costus extract showed that the extract contains 11 potent active compounds and Dehydrocostuslactone represents about 77.37% and considered as the most dominant compound in the extract. Both of CPF and S. costus extract were studied on the rats that were divided into 6 groups as the following: Group 1 (control) received distilled water orally. Groups 2&3 (S. costus extract treated groups) received S. costus extract orally at a dose of 0.25 and 0.50 ml, respectively. Group 4 (CPF injected group) was injected with CPF at a dose of 3 mg/kg.bw. Groups 5&6 (CPF + S. costus extract group) injected with CPF then treated with S. costus extract at two tested doses respectively. The most hematological and biochemical measurements declined significantly (P≤0.05) in CPF injected group. S. costus extract restored all tested parameters towards the control values. Moreover, the electrophoretic isoenzyme showed that the physiological alterations occurred in the esterases (ESTs) as a result of CPF injection were represented by hiding normal EST types associated with existence of abnormal ones. Therefore, the similarity index (SI%) and genetic distance (GD%) values were altered with α-EST (SI=80.00%; GD=20.00%) and β-EST (SI=50.00%; GD=50.00%) patterns in CPF injected group. The S. costus extract at a dose of 0.5 ml restored integrity of these isoenzymes pattern by restoring the absent types with hiding the abnormal ones. Therefore, this group became physiologically similar to control group (SI=100.00%; GD=0.00%). These results were supported by histopathological examination for the target organs (brain, liver and kidney) that were affected by CPF and the S. costus extract improved architecture of these organs and restored their histopathological integrity to normal structure.

The Therapeutic and Synergistic Effect of Saussurea costus Extract against Induced Leukemia in Adult Male Rats

“…It was suggested that the elevation in the activities of these aminotransferases might be probably because of the toxic impact on the cell membranes of hepatocytes where petroleum hydrocarbons were oxidized into free radicals or reactive intermediates (Nwanjo and Ojiako, 2007). Interestingly, treatment of the leukemic rats with SEE exhibits an ameliorative effect against the benzene resultant-hepatotoxicity, this effect was achieved from the marked lowering potential of these aminotransferases activities; This result concomitant with some previous studies (Deabes et al 2021;Ashry et al 2022 ), and may be due to the antioxidant potential of SEE-included phytochemical compounds, such as flavonoids and chlorogenic acid, which act as antioxidant agents and led to stabilization of the lipid peroxidation resultant free radicals, consequently preventing benzeneinduced hepato-toxicity (Shabnam et al, 2018). Otherwise, a significant extra increase in the activity of serum ALAT and ASAT in the CP-treated leukemic animals' group was observed compared with the inducedleukemic animals' group; these findings are consistent with Abdel- Wahhab et al, (2021) who found that CP-injection induced significant elevations in serum ASAT and ALAT activities; the excessive elevation of ASAT and ALAT activity (occurred post CP-treatment of leukemic animals) could be attributed to the excessive oxidative stress that results in inflammation and hepatocellular damage leading to excessive disturbance in the cellular integrity, selective permeability of the hepatocyte membrane, and leakage of these enzymes to the bloodstream (Dang et al, 2008).…”

In-vitro propagation and phytochemical profiling of a highly medicinal and endemic plant species of the Himalayan region (Saussurea costus)

“…Srinivasan et al (2016) 70 studied the chemical compounds in costus oil and observed that n-hexadecanoic acid to be the major constituent in all examined essential oil accompanied with other fatty acids, hydrocarbons and mono-,di- sesquiterpenes. Recently, Deabes et al (2021) 71 identified 14 components from S. costus ethyl acetate extracts. Compounds like Butanedioic acid and 2TMS derivative were recorded in highest percentage followed by D-(-)-Fructofuranose, pentakis (trimethylsilyl) ether (isomer1), Androstan-17-one, 3-ethyl-3-hydroxy-, (5.alpha.…”

Antimicrobial activity of bioactive compounds extract from Saussurea costus against food spoilage microorganisms

“…Sesquiterpene lactones are the most distinctive secondary metabolites of the members of the Compositae (Asteraceae). Several plant families, such as Acanthaceae, Amaranthaceae, Apiaceae, Magnoliaceae, and Costaceae have a diversity of chemical structures and a wide range of biological activities, including antitumourogenic, insect antifeedant, plant growth regulating, antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic properties [40,17].…”

“…Several biological activities have been reported for plant extracts, which show antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal properties [9][10][11][12]. Medicinal plants, which contain a wide range of phytochemicals are one of the most readily available sources of such compounds [13][14][15][16][17]. Sausurea costus (S. costus) is well known in Islamic medicine, and is recorded in the holy hadiths that Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) said [18].…”