Evaluation of the Prognosis of COVID-19 Patients According to the Presence of Underlying Diseases and Drug Treatment

Abstract

Certain underlying diseases such as diabetic mellitus and hypertension are a risk factor for the severity and mortality of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patients. Furthermore, both angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) are controversial at role in the process of COVID-19 cases. The aim of the study was to investigate whether underlying diseases and taking ACEi/ARBs, affect the duration of hospitalization and mortality in patients with confirmed COVID-19. Medical usage claims data for the past three years until 15 May, 2020, from the “CORONA-19 International Cooperation Research” project was used. We analyzed the medical insurance claims data for all 7590 coronavirus (COVID-19) patients confirmed by RT-PCR tests nationwide up to May 15, 2020. Among the comorbidities, a history of hypertension (hazard ratio [HR], 1.51; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.056–2.158) and diabetes (HR, 1.867; 95% CI, 1.408–2.475) were associated significantly with mortality. Furthermore, heart failure (HR, 1.391; 95% CI, 1.027–1.884), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (HR, 1.615; 95% CI, 1.185–2.202), chronic kidney disease (HR, 1.451; 95% CI, 1.018–2.069), mental disorder (HR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.106–2.343), end stage renal disease (HR, 5.353; 95% CI, 2.185–13.12) were also associated significantly with mortality. The underlying disease has increased the risk of mortality in patients with COVID-19. Diabetes, hypertension, cancer, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, and mental disorders increased mortality. Controversial whether taking ACEi/ARBs would benefit COVID-19 patients, in our study, patients taking ACEi/ARBs had a higher risk of mortality.

COVID-19 and the Impact on the Cranio-Oro-Facial Trauma Care in Italy: An Epidemiological Retrospective Cohort Study

“…A previous report that evaluated if underlying diseases such as diabetic mellitus and hypertension are risk factors for the severity and mortality of COVID-19 patients showed an increased hospitalization duration and mortality in patients with confirmed COVID-19 [ 13 ]. In addition, underlying diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, cancer, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, and mental disorders increased COVID-19 mortality [ 13 ]. According to the authors, there is a need to develop more elaborate treatment guidelines and strategies in order to improve the prognosis of COVID-19 patients [ 13 ].…”

“…In addition, underlying diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, cancer, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, and mental disorders increased COVID-19 mortality [ 13 ]. According to the authors, there is a need to develop more elaborate treatment guidelines and strategies in order to improve the prognosis of COVID-19 patients [ 13 ]. In these circumstances, it can be even more complex to properly manage traumatic injuries, which can result in longer hospitalization duration.…”

Effects of SARS-CoV-2 infections in patients with cancer on mortality, ICU admission and incidence: a systematic review with meta-analysis involving 709,908 participants and 31,732 cancer patients

“…A total of 42 studies (Akhtar et al 2021 ; Alpert et al 2021 ; Arslan et al 2021 ; Azarkar et al 2021 ; Baker et al 2021 ; Benelli et al 2020 ; Bennett et al 2021 ; Bernard et al 2021 ; Bhargava et al 2021 ; Borobia et al 2020 ; Pinto et al 2020 ; Chai et al 2021 ; Fu et al 2021 ; Gude-Sampedro et al 2021 ; Guo et al 2021 ; Joharatnam-Hogan et al 2020 ; Katkat et al 2021 ; Kim et al 2021 ; Kokturk et al 2021 ; Liang et al 2021 ; Sun et al 2021 ; Lunski et al 2021 ; Martinot et al 2021 ; Mirgh et al 2021 ; Miyashita et al 2020 ; Péron et al 2021 ; Poli et al 2022 ; Li et al 2020a , b ; Reddy et al 2021 ; Ricoca Peixoto et al 2020 ; Giorgi-Rossi et al 2020; Rugge et al 2020 ; Erdal et al 2021 ; Pérez-Segura et al 2021 ; Serraino et al 2021 ; Shahidsales et al 2021 ; Sorouri et al 2020 ; Stroppa et al 2020 ; Vergara et al 2021 ; Vila-Corcoles et al 2021 ; Zhang et al 2021 ; Zhou et al 2021 ) were included in the analysis to compare the mortality rates of cancer and non-cancer patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. There were a total of 557,053 participants, of whom 21,599 were cancer patients.…”

“…After a preliminary review and the elimination of duplicates, 5328 papers were screened and chosen for further evaluation. A total of 58 studies (Adejumo et al 2021 ; Akhtar et al 2021 ; Alpert et al 2021 ; Arslan et al 2021 ; Azarkar et al 2021 ; Baker et al 2021 ; Benelli et al 2020 ; Bennett et al 2021 ; Bergman et al 2021 ; Bernard et al 2021 ; Bhargava et al 2021 ; Borobia et al 2020 ; Pinto et al 2020 ; Chai et al 2021 ; Fu et al 2021 ; Chudasama et al 2021 ; Costa et al 2021 ; Duanmu et al 2020 ; Gold et al 2020 ; Görgülü et al 2020 ; Goyal et al 2020 ; Gude-Sampedro et al 2021 ; Guo et al 2021 ; Joharatnam-Hogan et al 2020 ; Katkat et al 2021 ; Kim et al 2021 ; Kokturk et al 2021 ; Liang et al 2021 ; Sun et al 2021 ; Cavanna et al 2020 ; Lunski et al 2021 ; Martinot et al 2021 ; Mirgh et al 2021 ; Miyashita et al 2020 ; Nakamura et al 2021 ; Nikpouraghdam et al 2020 ; Panda et al 2022 ; Péron et al 2021 ; Poli et al 2022 ; Li et al 2020a , b ; Reddy et al 2021 ; Regina et al 2020 ; Ricoca-Peixoto et al 2020 ; Giorgi-Rossi et al 2020 ; Rugge et al 2020 ; Erdal et al 2021 ; Sami et al 2020 ; Santorelli et al 2021 ; Pérez-Segura et al 2021 ; Serraino et al 2021 ; Shahidsales et al 2021 ; Sorouri et al 2020 ; Stroppa et al 2020 ; Tehrani et al 2021 ; Vergara et al 2021 ; Vila-Corcoles et al 20...…”

Side-Effects of Public Health Policies Against Covid-19: The Story of an Over-Reaction

“…Other potential directions for government responses include policies encouraging better ventilated indoor spaces, “test, trace, isolate” (on a specific scale and not a globalized one) as it was applied in Asian countries, mass vaccinations, and early treatments [although none is actually proven as effective yet, such as the ACEi/ARBs example ( 69 )].…”