Evaluation of the renal effects of experimental feeding of melamine and cyanuric acid to fish and pigs

Reimschuessel, Renate; Gieseker, Charles M.; Miller, Ron; Ward, Jeffrey L.; Boehmer, Jamie L.; Rummel, Nathan; Heller, David; Nochetto, Cristina; Alwis, Gayani; Bataller, Neal; Andersen, Wendy C.; Turnipseed, Sherri B; Karbiwnyk, Christine M.; Satzger, R. Duane; Crowe, John B.; Wilber, Nancy R; Reinhard, Mary K.; Roberts, John F.; Witkowski, Mark

doi:10.2460/ajvr.69.9.1217

Cited by 167 publications

(116 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Similar nephrotoxicity was observed when a combination of melamine and cyanuric acid was given to fish and pigs. 25 The toxicity is size dependent, with cats affected more than dogs and small dogs affected more than large dogs. 23,25 The mortality of combined melamine and cyanuric acid is as high as 74% in dogs and 61% in cats.…”

Section: Melamine Toxicity Combined With Cyanuric Acidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Melamine Toxicity and the Kidney

Hau

Kwan

2009

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

327

175

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Section: Melamine Toxicity Combined With Cyanuric Acidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Melamine Toxicity and the Kidney

Hau

Kwan

2009

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

327

175

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“…Respondents had an option to list species affected other than dogs and cats, but none were reported (Q1). Reports from experimental studies indicate that pigs and fish are also affected by melamine-cyanurate-contaminated food [14].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of a Survey Database of Pet Food-Induced Poisoning in North America

et al. 2010

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Following the outbreak of pet food-induced nephrotoxicity in March 2007, a voluntary online survey of all AAVLD-accredited laboratories, commercial laboratories, and veterinary clinics across North America was conducted. There was no information on toxicity of melamine or factors affecting the disease outcome following exposure to melamine in pets. Data were collected from affected pets to learn about the disease outcome and the affected pet population. The web-based electronic survey used the online tool, SurveyMonkey™. Data were collected between April 5 and October 31, 2007. Four hundred fifty-one cases of 586 reported cases met the criteria for inclusion in the study. Most reported cases were from California, Texas, Michigan, Florida, and Ontario. Of the 451 cases, 424 were reported as affected. Of these, 278 cases (65.6%) were cats and 146 (34.4%) were dogs. A total of 278 pets (171 cats and 107 dogs) were reported to have died (a ratio of 1.6:1). However, within species, there was a higher percentage of deceased dogs (73.3%) than cats (61.5%). Of the affected pet population, older male cats with preexisting disease conditions were more likely to be deceased. Analysis of the pets in this large database of naturally affected pets yielded interesting findings. It showed that more cats than dogs were affected and also that preexisting renal diseases and old age predicted the most severe outcome (death or euthanasia) than any other factors.

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“…However, the cats fed both compounds developed urinary stones at a dose of 32 mg/kg body weight of melamine and cyanuric acid [11]. Two other animal studies showed that melamine and cyanuric acid when administered together at 400 mg kg −1 day −1 produced renal stones, but when they were administered separately, no stones formed [10,33]. Based on these studies, melamine and cyanuric acid appeared to be relatively safe in low doses when administered individually, but when combined caused stone formation.…”

Section: Pet Food Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When examining melamine and cyanuric acid together on a slide, a rosette crystal pattern is seen, which may result from hydrogen bonding between melamine and cyanuric acid [10,22]. It is possible that a similar reaction with urate was the cause of the Chinese formula illnesses.…”

Section: Chemistry and Toxicologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Early animal studies had shown stone formation and bladder carcinogenicity at high doses of melamine [4][5][6][7][8][9]. In the wake of the illness in animals, new studies suggested little toxicity of melamine or cyanuric acid when ingested individually, but showed that co-ingestion, even at far lower doses than either alone, led to crystal formation [10,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Melamine Toxicity

2010

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Melamine contamination of infant formula in China and its health effects highlight the safety of the global food supply especially as it relates to formula-fed infants. Melamine is a widely used industrial chemical not considered acutely toxic with a high LD 50 in animals. The data available on acute and chronic human exposure to melamine have been limited and extrapolated from animal data. Pet food contamination in 2004 and 2007 showed stone formation and illness in animals when melamine was co-ingested with cyanuric acid. The recent outbreak in infants showed that melamine ingested in large doses may cause stones and illness without significant ingestion of cyanuric acid or other melamine-related chemicals. This may be due to increased uric acid excretion in infants and formation of melamineuric acid stones. Diagnosis and treatment of infants exposed to melamine requires further study. Clinical signs and symptoms in infants are nonspecific. The stones may be radiolucent and are not consistently seen on ultrasound. The use of alkalinization of the urine for treatment has been proposed, but is of unproven benefit. The FDA and other regulatory agencies have recommended acceptable levels of melamine in foods for consumption. Melamine ingestion has been implicated in stone formation when co-ingested with cyanuric acid, but will cause urinary stones in infants when large amounts of melamine alone are ingested.

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Evaluation of the renal effects of experimental feeding of melamine and cyanuric acid to fish and pigs

Cited by 167 publications

References 39 publications

Melamine Toxicity and the Kidney

Melamine Toxicity and the Kidney

Analysis of a Survey Database of Pet Food-Induced Poisoning in North America

Melamine Toxicity

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