Evaluation of the susceptibility of the cultured shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei to vibriosis when orally exposed to the insecticide methyl parathion

Involvement of oxidative stress in methyl parathion and parathion‐induced toxicity and genotoxicity to human liver carcinoma (HepG2) cells

“…Consistent with our finding, Budreau and Singh (1973) reported that organophosphate pesticides are embryotoxic and can induce fetal anomalies in experimental animals. Several studies have indicated that methyl parathion exposure has toxic effects to mammals, fishes, birds, and non-target invertebrates (Solecki et al 1996; Fanta et al 2003; Roque et al, 2005). …”

Effects of the processing steps on parathion levels during honey production and parathion removal by macroporous adsorption resins

“…Parathion is of great public health concern because it is associated with acute toxicity to mammals through the inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the nervous system (Pope, Karanth, & Liu, 2005). In addition, the previous studies showed that a long-term exposure to parathion would even cause environmental deterioration (Ghauch, Rima, Amine, & Martin-Bouyer, 1999), ecological threats (Rodriguez, Guzman, & Esponoza, 2006;Roque et al, 2005;Sarkar, Venkateswralu, Rao, Bhattacharjee, & Kale, 2007;Sultatos, 1986), as well as adverse health effects upon the public (Muttray et al, 2005;Slotkin, Levin, & Seidler, 2009). Thus, parathion has been banned in many developed countries like the USA (US EPA, 2000).…”

Effects of pesticides and antibiotics on penaeid shrimp with special emphases on behavioral and biomarker responses

“…Results showed that the AChE activity was significantly lowered after the pesticide treatment. Roque et al [19] also showed that the AChE activity in this species decreased in relation to the concentration of methyl parathion in food. Thus, results from these authors showed that food-borne exposure to pesticides could be used to measure its toxic effects in penaeid shrimp.…”

“…Today, the relationship between many exposure-related behavioral alterations observed in the laboratory and their relevance to ecological effects observed in the field remains poorly understood. Several studies in penaeid shrimp have indicated that penaeid shrimp exposed to sublethal concentrations of pesticides show several behavioral alterations, such as restlessness and hyperexcitability, tremor in the appendages, uncoordinated swimming movements, spasms, and violent action of chelate legs [17][18][19][20]. These changes, in general, were more apparent with increasing concentrations of pesticides and were assumed to be a direct consequence of the action of the pesticides on the nervous system.…”

“…The inhibition of AChE caused by pesticides has been studied in the ventral nerve cord in pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum) exposed to 1,000 ppb of malathion for 48 h [40], in the nervous tissue of penaeid prawn (Metapenaeus monoceros) exposed to 0.4, 1.2 ppm of phosphamidon for 48 h, to 0.04, 0.12 ppm of methyl parathion for 48 h [41], or to 40 mg/L of methyl parathion for 5 d [17], in whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) exposed to fenitrothion, azinphosmethyl, methyl parathion, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and methamidophos [19,20,26,28]. As mentioned above, the mechanism of the toxic action of OPs and CBs is based on the inhibition of the enzyme AChE.…”