Evaluation of three different green fabrication methods for the synthesis of crystalline ZnO nanoparticles using Pelargonium zonale leaf extract

Abstract

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were green synthesized using Pelargonum zonale leaf extract under three different heating methods, and their characteristics were evaluated using X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and antibacterial well diffusion method. The FT-IR analysis indicated that the Pelargonium leaf extract contained hydroxyl and amide I groups which were related to the proteins, carbohydrate, tannins and phenolic compounds of the extract and had an essential role in the reduction of the zinc ions and synthesis of the ZnO NPs. The obtained results revealed that the synthesized spherical individual ZnO NPs as well as the number of aggregates using microwave irradiation, autoclave and conventional heating (heater-stirrer) methods had average crystalline size of 51, 60 and 61 nm. Furthermore, antioxidant activities of the fabricated ZnO NPs were 7.8, 4.1 and 5.5% by using conventional heating, autoclave and microwave irradiation, respectively. The obtained results indicated that all the formed ZnO NPs had bactericidal effects against to the both Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria strains. However, the synthesized ZnO NPs using conventional heating method had the highest antibacterial activities toward both studied bacteria strains.

Green approach in fabrication of photocatalytic, antimicrobial, and antioxidant zinc oxide nanoparticles – hydrothermal synthesis using clove hydroalcoholic extract and optimization of the process

“…A typical SEM image of the resulted ZnO NPs using clove extract is shown in Figure 4c. As can be clearly observed in this figure, hexagonal ZnO NPs in individual and aggregated states, which were in line with the finding of Vahidi et al [2], were formed. They produced ZnO NPs with the same morphological attributes using Pelargonium leaf extract.…”

“…With the development of nanotechnology, enormous revolution has been created by the researchers to fabricate new materials on nanoscale, such as metal nanoparticles (NPs), carbon nanotubes, and metal oxide NPs, improve properties of the materials as compared to their in bulk scale, and develop nanomaterial applications in wastewater treatment, food and agriculture, cosmetics, medicine and pharmaceuticals, packaging, tissue engineering, biotechnology, plastic and ceramics, petroleum and textile industries [1,2]. Biosynthesis of metal and metal oxide NPs with plant extract is a novel branch of nanobiotechnology, which has been established based on green chemistry [3].…”

“…Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are of more applicable metal oxide NPs due to their photocatalytic and photo-oxidizing capacity, and antimicrobial activity [2]. ZnO NPs have been recognized as robust antimicrobial compounds against various pathogenic and spoiling bacterial and fungal strains due to generation of reactive oxygen, which can alter the permeability of cytoplasmic membrane of the live cells and inhibit their normal activities [6].…”

A Review of Microwave Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanomaterials: Reactants, Process Parameters and Morphologies

“…Microwave hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO nanostructures with additional heat treatment, where the literature review results [ 585 , 640 , 641 , 642 , 643 , 644 , 645 , 646 , 647 , 648 , 649 , 650 , 651 , 652 , 653 , 654 , 655 , 656 , 657 , 658 , 659 , 660 , 661 , 662 , 663 , 664 , 665 , 666 , 667 , 668 , 669 , 670 , 671 , 672 , 673 ] are summarised in Table 6 .…”

Greener synthesis of chemical compounds and materials

“…The following plant extracts have been applied for obtaining ZnO nanoparticles (from 15 to 70 nm in size), among others [151]: Vitex negundo , Trifolium pratense , Lagenaria siceraria , Passiflora caerulea , C. sinensis , Eucalyptus globulus , A. betulina , Al. vera, Pelargonium zonale leaf, among others [153,156]. Additionally, ultrasound-assisted synthesis from Zn(NO 3 ) 2 and NaOH led to semicristalline ZnO nanorods with layered structure [157].…”