Evaluation of Trypanocidal Activity of <i>Bidens pilosa</i> and <i>Physalis peruviana</i> Against <i>Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense</i>

Abstract

Abstract:Trypanosomiasis is a protozoan disease that causes death and morbidity to man, and also severely limits livestock productivity in endemic areas. It is caused by different species of trypanosomes that occur in Africa, South America and Asia. Although chemotherapy is the main method of trypanosomiasis control, the few drugs in the market are faced with challenges of drug resistance, high toxicity and very costly. There is also no likelihood of a vaccine to control new outbreaks and there are no new drugs in the market. Herbal medicines are increasingly being used as an alternative solution to the control of trypanosomiasis in endemic areas. These are cost effective and economic friendly. The purpose of this study was to evaluate trypanocidal activity of Bidens Pilosa and Physalis peruviana using in-vitro and in-vivo protocols. The in-vitro trials are carried out using 96 well plates where the trypanocidal activities of the plant extracts were evaluated by calculating the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC). Toxicity of the herbal extract was determined by monitoring survival, weight change, lethargy and difficulty in breathing. Parasitemia development after extract administration was used as parameters to test the test compound for trypanocidal activity. In vitro results revealed that bidens pilosa had the highest activity with an MIC of 125µg/ml after 48 hours of incubation against Trypanosoma brucei rhodensiense isolated from a patient in busia (KETRI 3684). Toxicity results showed that a dosage level of above 1000mg/kg body weight (highest toxicity trial dose used) of bidens pilosa caused clinical signs such as difficulty in breathing, lethargy, raised hair, loss of weight and death within five days. Invivo results revealed that Bidens pilosa had some trypanocidal effect but did not perform better than the standard drugs. It is recommend that repeat therapy could be done to clear the parasites completely. Combined therapy of bidens pilosa and physalis peruviana was recommended to see if results can create a rationale for combination therapy in elimination of the parasites. This study has showed that Bidens pilosa and Physalis peruviana have trypanocidal potential.

In vitro anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity of methanolic extract of Bidens pilosa and identification of active compounds by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis

“…In both strains of T. cruzi , the inhibition percentages at various concentrations for each fraction and the crude extract did not differ significantly. This finding reaffirms the concentrations’ dose-response effect, as previously demonstrated for B. pilosa extracts, which displayed significant antiprotozoal activity against Leishmania amazonensis [ 4 ], antimalarial activity [ 28 ], and anti- T. brucei rhodesiense in a dose-dependent manner [ 5 ]. Various studies have reported these concentration ranges, often falling between 500 μg/ml and over 1,000 μg/ml against various microorganisms.…”

“…Subsequently, a 25 g sample was pulverized to a fine powder using a mortar. This powder was subjected to extraction in a Soxhlet apparatus using 500 ml of absolute methanol (TEDIA, Fairfield, OH, USA), with indirect heating facilitated by a magnetic stirrer set at 60 V (C-MAG HS 10, Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany) for 48 h [ 3 , 5 ]. The methanolic extract was then filtered using Whatman filter paper No.…”

“…It has been recognized for its antimicrobial properties and specific antiprotozoal effects against various parasitic genera [ 3 ]. Various parts of B. pilosa have exhibited activity against parasites such as Giardia duodenalis, Plasmodium falciparum, Leishmania amazonensis , and T. brucei rhodesiense [ 4 , 5 ].…”