Evaluation of uncertainty on Shore hardness measurements of tyre treads and implications to tyre/road noise measurements with the Close Proximity method

Vieira, Tiago; Lundberg, Joacim; Eriksson, Olle

doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2020.107882

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…A significant physical feature of tire treads is their hardness, representing the composite's ability to resist indentation 58 . The used durometer is an instrument that assesses the penetration of a stress‐loaded metal sphere into the SBR/BR‐SiC composite.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A significant physical feature of tire treads is their hardness, representing the composite's ability to resist indentation. 58 The used durometer is an instrument that assesses the penetration of a stress-loaded metal sphere into the SBR/BR-SiC composite. The composite's hardness increases dramatically when the SiC loading content is increased, as illustrated in Figure 5.…”

Section: Physical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Improving the mechanical properties and curing characteristics of styrene‐butadiene rubber/butadiene rubber composites by incorporating silicon carbide

Zabihi,

Fasihi,

Rasouli

et al. 2023

Polymer Composites

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Thermal conductive filler, silicon carbide (SiC), has been investigated for its effects on the mechanical properties, microstructural properties, physical properties, and kinetic characteristics of styrene‐butadiene‐rubber/butadiene rubber (SBR/BR). SBR/BR‐SiC's tensile strength, strain at break, and toughness were improved by 5 phr SiC content within the composite. Specifically, there was a 44% increase in tensile strength, a 51% increase in strain at break, and impressive 113% increase in toughness. Additionally, there was a notable reduction of approximately ~15% in the compression set. The calculated crosslink density using the Flory–Rehner equation proved that the SiC filler increased the covalent bonds between the polymer chains during the curing reaction. The rheometry results showed a reduction in the scorch and optimum curing times by ~10% via the incorporation of SiC. The addition of 5 phr SiC decreased the curing duration time by 47%. The scanning electron microscopy images taken from the samples at different magnifications showed that the particle agglomeration after SiC = 5 phr was the main factor in reducing the SiC performance in the composite.Highlights Tensile properties of SBR/BR were improved with high thermal conductive SiC. SiC accelerated the rate of vulcanization reaction of SBR/BR. The crosslink density was maximized with the addition of SiC to the compound. Better heat transfer by SiC led to a reduction in the energy consumption of curing. Thermal diffusivity was raised with the addition of SiC to the compound.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Physical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the mechanical properties and curing characteristics of styrene‐butadiene rubber/butadiene rubber composites by incorporating silicon carbide

Zabihi,

Fasihi,

Rasouli

et al. 2023

Polymer Composites

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Hardness is an important physical characteristic for a car tire, particularly the tread section, which is defined as the composite resistance to indentation. 53 Factually, the used durometer is an instrument that measures the penetration of a stress-loaded metal sphere into the SBR/BR-Si 3 N 4 composite. As shown in Figure 6 , there is a significant increase in hardness of the composite when the filler content increases to 4 phr.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Study on the Effect of Highly Thermally Conductive Fillers on Improving the Properties of SBR/BR-Filled Nano-Silicon Nitride

Rasouli,

Zabihi,

Fasihi

et al. 2023

ACS Omega

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The effect of silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 ) as a thermally conductive material on the mechanical, microstructural, and physical properties as well as kinetics of the curing reaction of styrene-butadiene rubber/butadiene rubber (SBR/BR) was investigated in this work. The results showed an improvement in tensile, hardness, and compression features of the composite due to the presence of Si 3 N 4 . The properties were enhanced with the filler loading content; somehow, the composite including Si 3 N 4 = 6 parts per hundred (phr) had the most significant performance, an increase of ∼15 and 20% in the maximum strain and toughness of the composite, respectively, an increase of almost 7% in the hardness, and an ∼13% reduction in the compression set. Also, the filler led to an increase in the crosslink density (calculated via the Flory–Rehner equation using swelling test) by 7.12 × 10 –5 mol/g, proving the increment of the covalent bonds between the polymer chains during the curing reaction. The kinetic consideration revealed a reduction in the scorch and optimum curing times by ∼40 and ∼25%, respectively. In order to describe the kinetics of curing reaction of SBR/BR-Si 3 N 4 , an autocatalytic model based on the Kamal–Sourour model was applied on the rheometry results. The calculated kinetic parameters indicated that the thermally conductive Si 3 N 4 accelerated the curing reaction by ∼40%, particularly at Si 3 N 4 = 6 phr. After 6 phr of Si 3 N 4 , agglomeration of the filler particles decreased its performance.

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“…As indicated by Brown [ 41 ], the test results are affected by the operator, the time of application, and the deviations from perfectly elastic despite correct calibration and measurements according to the standard testing procedure. Spetz [ 42 ] examined the repeatability of hardness measurements on rubber materials and concluded that the operator was the main source of variability [ 43 ]. Thus, during the indentation experiments, hardness changes not only with the hold time but also with loading and unloading rate [ 44 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reliability Prediction of Acrylonitrile O-Ring for Nuclear Power Applications Based on Shore Hardness Measurements

et al. 2021

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The degradation of polymeric components is of considerable interest to the nuclear industry and its regulatory bodies. The objective of this work was the development of a methodology to determine the useful life—based on the storage temperature—of acrylonitrile O-rings used as mechanical sealing elements to prevent leakages in nuclear equipment. To this aim, a reliability-based approach that allows prediction of the use-suitability of different storage scenarios (that involve different storage times and temperatures) considering the further required in-service performance, is presented. Thus, experimental measurements of Shore A hardness have been correlated with storage variables (temperature and storage time). The storage (and its associated hardening) was proved to have a direct effect on in-service durability, reducing this by up to 60.40%. Based on this model, the in-service performance was predicted; after the first three years of operation the increase in probability of failure (POF) was practically insignificant. Nevertheless, from this point on, and especially, from 5 years of operation, the POF increased from 10% to 20% at approximately 6 years (for new and stored). From the study, it was verified that for any of the analysis scenarios, the limit established criterion was above that of the storage time premise considered in usual nuclear industry practices. The novelty of this work is that from a non-destructive test, like a Shore A hardness measurement, the useful life and reliability of O-rings can be estimated and be, accordingly, a decision tool that allows for improvement in the management of maintenance of safety-related equipment. Finally, it was proved that the storage strategies of our nuclear power plants are successful, perfectly meeting the expectations of suitability and functionality of the components when they are installed after storage.

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Evaluation of uncertainty on Shore hardness measurements of tyre treads and implications to tyre/road noise measurements with the Close Proximity method

Cited by 9 publications

References 17 publications

Improving the mechanical properties and curing characteristics of styrene‐butadiene rubber/butadiene rubber composites by incorporating silicon carbide

Improving the mechanical properties and curing characteristics of styrene‐butadiene rubber/butadiene rubber composites by incorporating silicon carbide

A Comprehensive Study on the Effect of Highly Thermally Conductive Fillers on Improving the Properties of SBR/BR-Filled Nano-Silicon Nitride

Reliability Prediction of Acrylonitrile O-Ring for Nuclear Power Applications Based on Shore Hardness Measurements

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