Evaluation of Urban Heat Island (UHI) Using Satellite Images in Densely Populated Cities of South Asia

Abstract

Rapid Urbanization, and other anthropogenic activities, have amplified the change in land-use transition from green space to heat emission in built-up areas globally. As a result, there has been an increase in the land surface temperature (LST) causing the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, particularly in large cities. The UHI effect poses a serious risk to human health and well-being, magnified in large developing cities with limited resources to cope with such issues. This study focuses on understanding the UHI effect in Kathmandu Valley (KV), Delhi, and Dhaka, three growing cities in South Asia. The UHI effect was evaluated by analyzing the UHI intensity of the city with respect to the surroundings. We found that the central urban area, of all three cities, experienced more heat zones compared to the peri-urban areas. The estimated average surface temperature ranged from 21.1 ∘C in March 2014 to 32.0 ∘C in June 2015 in KV, while Delhi and Dhaka experienced surface temperature variation from 29.7 ∘C in June 2017 to 40.2 ∘C in June 2019 and 23.6 ∘C in March 2017 to 33.2 ∘C in March 2014, respectively. Based on magnitude and variation of LST, highly built-up central KV showed heat island characteristics. In both Delhi and Dhaka, the western regions showed the UHI effect. Overall, this study finds that the UHI zones are more concentrated near the urban business centers with high population density. The results suggest that most areas in these cities have a rising LST trend and are on the verge of being UHI regions. Therefore, it is essential that further detailed assessment is conducted to understand and abate the impact of the temperature variations.

Synergies between Urban Heat Island and Urban Heat Wave Effects in 9 Global Mega-Regions from 2003 to 2020

“…In addition, when taking the four types of climate zones among the mega-regions: (1) Humid subtropical (YRD, PRD, Tokyo, Boston, Mexico City, São Paulo); (2) Tropical rainforest (Jakarta); (3) Marine west coast climate (Paris); (4) Desert climate (Nile), into consideration, we observed some patterns potentially associated with climatic conditions. For example, the mega-regions in the humid subtropics more often exhibit stronger UHI intensity (LST difference between built-up and Non-built-up areas) [91,92]. In contrast, thanks to the moderating effect of the ocean [93], the difference between thermal environments of built-up and Non-built-up areas is less evident.…”

Characterizing Spatiotemporal Variations in the Urban Thermal Environment Related to Land Cover Changes in Karachi, Pakistan, from 2000 to 2020

“…As remote sensing sensors have developed, thermal infrared remote sensing has become crucial to the retrieval of LSTs [15,16] and the investigation of surface urban heat island (SUHI) effects [17][18][19]. The UHI phenomenon has been described in several Asian countries [20][21][22]. A time series analysis was performed to analyze the intensity of the urban heat island in eight Asian megacities, including Karachi, from 1992 to 2012 [23].…”

Investigating Eco-Environmental Vulnerability for China–Pakistan Economic Corridor Key Sector Punjab Using Multi-Sources Geo-Information

“…This variable is beneficial for the identification of human settlements and some elements of surrounding construction. It is a rapid and accurate method of mapping urban areas [86]. It can be calculated as: NDBI = MIR − NIR/MIR + NIR (4) Where NIR is the reflectance in the near-infrared band (Landsat OLI-TIRS band5 (0.845-0.885 µm)) and MIR represents the reflectance of the middle infrared band (OLI-TIRS band6 (1.560-1.651 µm)).…”