Evaluation of vagal afferent modulation of the digastric reflex in cats

Vagal afferent modulation of spinal trigeminal neuronal responses to dural electrical stimulation in rats

“…The analgesic effect of the vagal afferent stimulation has been reported in numerous behavioral pain tests in laboratory animals. For instance, the VNS-induced inhibition of the nociceptive digastric reflex induced by intense tooth-pulp stimulation (Maixner et al, 1991;Bossut et al, 1992), reduction of the cumulative duration of rubbing and scratching the injection site in the orofacial formalin test (Bohotin et al, 2003b), and latency increase of the tail-flick or the hind paw withdrawal response to noxious heat (Ren et al, 1989;Aicher et al, 1991;Thurston and Randich, 1991;Bohotin et al, 2003a) were reported. In epileptic patients treated with VNS, an increase in mechanical pain threshold was noted (Kirchner et al, 2000(Kirchner et al, , 2006.…”

Effect of vagal afferent conditioning on trigeminal motor neuron activity associated with tooth-pulp-evoked jaw-opening reflex

“…9 Chase et al 24,25 reported that the TP-evoked JOR was inhibited by electrical stimulation of vagal afferents in the cat. This inhibitory effect is observed at C-T intervals of between 50 and 200 ms. 26 The magnitude of inhibition depends upon the intensity, frequency, or number of pulses in the same species. 19 It is therefore possible that vagal afferent activity may modify the JOR.…”

Use of noninvasive dental dolorimetry to evaluate analgesic effects of intravenous and intrathecal administration of morphine in anesthetized dogs

“…Tartar was removed, and enamel was scraped off the tooth at a point approximately 4 mm from the tip of the tooth. 32,33 Repetitive stimulation was used, because a single stimulus of short duration may fail to elicit an aversive response in a conscious animal, whereas consecutive stimuli will elicit such a response. 30 The cathode electrode was inserted just beneath the buccal mucosa adjacent to the root apex of the same maxillary canine tooth.…”