Evaluation of variations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in horses with recurrent airway obstruction

Jean, Daniel; Vrins, André; Beauchamp, Guy; Lavoie, Jean‐Pierre

doi:10.2460/ajvr.72.6.838

Cited by 57 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…In healthy horses, there was no significant difference in cellular composition of BAL fluid between the right and left lungs other than a significantly increased number of mast cells in the left lung . A different study found similar cytologic results for multisegment lavage in both healthy horses and horses with recurrent airway obstruction . However, similar studies have not been performed in healthy cats, and our study would suggest that assuming a uniform inflammatory response within the feline lung is not reasonable.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 46%

Interpretation of Multisegment Bronchoalveolar Lavage in Cats (1/2001–1/2011)

Ybarra

Johnson

Drazenovich

et al. 2012

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Background: Cytologic results from bronchoscopic BAL in cats with naturally occurring respiratory disease have not been reported, and the clinical utility of multisegment lavage has not been evaluated.Hypothesis: BAL cytology from 2 separate lung segments in cats will have similar cell counts, cytologic interpretation, or both.Animals: Eighty-seven cases in 85 cats (2 examined twice) with naturally occurring lower respiratory disease. Methods: A combined prospective/retrospective evaluation of all cats with multisegment BAL was performed. BAL fluid was evaluated for total nucleated cell counts, differential cell counts, and cytologic characteristics at each lavage site. BAL fluid was categorized as eosinophilic, neutrophilic, lymphocytic, hypercellular, or mixed. Radiographs were assessed for diffuse or focal disease.Results: Clinical diagnoses included inflammatory airway disease (n = 63), pneumonia (n = 15), neoplasia (n = 6), and undetermined (n = 3). Total nucleated cell counts varied between sites regardless of radiographic evidence of focal or diffuse radiographic disease. In 28/87 cases (32%), cell counts differed between lavage sites by 2.2-40 fold. BAL yielded similar cytologic interpretation of inflammation in 45/87 (52%) cases. In 8/14 cases that had BAL performed at the site of a focal radiographic infiltrate, as well as at a site of diffuse infiltrates, the same inflammatory interpretation was made at each site.Conclusions and clinical importance: Total and differential cell counts in BAL fluid often differ between lung segments in cats with lower respiratory disease, and caution is warranted when using a single BAL cytology to define the inflammatory response in cats with spontaneously occurring lower respiratory tract disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 46%

Interpretation of Multisegment Bronchoalveolar Lavage in Cats (1/2001–1/2011)

Ybarra

Johnson

Drazenovich

et al. 2012

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…BALs were performed on horses sedated with xylazine and butorphanol (IV dose) as previously described . Briefly, a fiberoptic endoscope was introduced into a nostril and advanced until it wedged in a bronchus.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

PI3K andMAPKs Regulate Neutrophil Migration Toward the Airways in Heaves

Bullone

Moran

Lavoie‐Lamoureux

et al. 2012

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Background: Neutrophils accumulate in the airways of horses with heaves. They likely play an important role in the disease pathogenesis. Understanding the pathways regulating their migration may help identifying new therapeutic targets.Hypothesis: MAPK and PI3K pathways are involved in neutrophil migration toward the airway lumen in heaves. Animals: Twelve heaves-affected horses and 4 healthy horses.Methods: Migratory activity of bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) from horses with heaves and healthy horses was compared by means of a Boyden chamber. Involvement of MAPK and PI3K pathways in neutrophil migration was investigated by pretreating neutrophils with inhibitors of p38 MAPK, JNK, MEK1/2, and PI3K. The capacity of a p38 MAPK inhibitor at decreasing neutrophil chemotaxis toward the airways was also evaluated in vivo.Results: BALF from symptomatic heaves-affected horses induced a greater degree of chemokinesis (P = .0004) than BALF from healthy horses. Although all pathways tested were involved in neutrophil migration, inhibition of PI3K was most potent in vitro. An inhibitor of p38 MAPK administered before challenge in horses with heaves did not alter BALF chemokinetic properties. BALF neutrophil percentage and BALF migratory activity were positively correlated after 14 and 35 days of antigen challenge in healthy (P = .05; R 2 = 0.82) and heaves-affected horses (P = .03; R 2 = 0.76), respectively. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: MAPK and PI3K pathways regulate neutrophil migration induced by BALF of horses with heaves. Inhibition of multiple pathways might be required to completely abolish BALF-induced neutrophil migratory activity and possibly inflammation in heaves.

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“…Cytological variations associated with volume of fluid instilled, site of sampling, selection of aliquot, sample preparation and cell‐counting method64, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79 preclude the use of definitive cut‐off values for the classification of IAD. However, based on published studies that used 250‐mL infusion volume, reference values for BALF cytology in healthy controls were: total nucleated cell count ≤530 cells/μL, neutrophils ≤5%, eosinophils ≤1%, and metachromatic cells ≤2%.…”

Section: Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%