Evaluation of various fire retardants for use in wood flour–polyethylene composites

Stark, Nicole M.; White, Robert H.; Mueller, Scott A.; Osswald, Tim A.

doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.04.014

Cited by 209 publications

(205 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…It can be used to measure heat release rate (HRR), total heat released (THR), mass loss rate (MLR), time to ignition (TTI), smoke emission (SEA -specific extinction area), and average carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). Lower HRR indicates smaller contribution to a fire [47,50]. Subhra et al…”

Section: Cone Calorimetermentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Decomposition of burning polymers includes the production of combustible gases, non-combustible gases, liquids, solids (usually char), and entrained solid particles (smoke). These outcomes may produce hazards such as the evolution of toxic gases, loss of physical integrity, and melting and dripping thereby providing other ignition sources [47]. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a self-extinguishing material, but it should be avoided due to the toxicity of the generated gases.…”

Section: Thermal Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…LOI test does not predict how a material will perform in a fire, but is able to compare between materials whereby higher OI suggests better fire performance. The LOI of natural fibre is higher than that of polymer, suggesting that natural fibres may be easier to extinguish in a fire than polymers due to the higher concentration of oxygen required to sustain burning [47,50]. Smoke density in the process of burning of sample was measured by the change of light intensity in a chamber.…”

Section: Loi % = [Volume Of Oxygen/volume Of Nitrogen + Volume Of Oxmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Depending on the nature of the additives, they can act chemically or physically in the solid, liquid or gas phase [49], although most are particles or powders [47].…”

Section: Effects Of Fire Retardantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review on the degradability of polymeric composites based on natural fibres

et al. 2013

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The applications of natural fibre/polymer composites in civil engineering are mostly concentrated on non-load bearing indoor components due to its vulnerability to environmental attack. This paper evaluates the characteristics of several natural fibre composites exposed to moisture, thermal, fire, and ultraviolet degradation through an extensive literature review. The effects of chemical additives such as fibre treatments, fire retardants and UV stabilizers are also addressed. Based on the evaluation conducted, optimum fibre content provides strength in a polymer composite but it also becomes an entry point for moisture attack. Several fibre treatments are also being used to improve fibre/matrix interface, thereby increasing moisture durability. However, the treated fibres were found to behave poorly when exposed to weather. The addition of UV stabilizers and fire retardants are suggested to enhance outdoor and fire performance of natural fibre/polymer composite but compromises its strength. Therefore, from the collected data and various experimental results, it was concluded that an optimum blend ratio of chemical additives must be employed to achieve a balance between strength and durability requirements for natural fibre composites. Dear EditorI would like to submit a paper entitle of "Degradability of Polymeric Composites Based on Natural Fibres" to the materials and design. This paper address important issues related to the degradation of natural fibres in polymeric composites. I believe the paper has interest to the reader of the journal and will be beneficial for many researchers in the field of materials and design considering the degradation of polymer and bio-materials. I would like to confirm that the paper has not been sent to any journal before and not under review. I hope you can send the paper fore reviewing process. Editor: Thank you for submitting your review paper. There are no technical issues. However, there are areas of the paper that need attention as follows: 1.Include more keywords -you are allowed up to 6 keywords.The keywords have been updated and highlighted in the revised version as Keywords: natural fibres; polymer composites; civil applications; characteristics degradation; weathering. 2.Include your personal university telephone number in the contact details in the paper.In the revised version it has been included as Reference 20 is incomplete. Updated 10.Reference 37 is incomplete. Updated 11.Reference 40 is incomplete. This paper is much related to the topic and it is in press. I added the DOI: 10.1080/15440478.2012.733149 . this is accepted in the production stage 12.Reference 65 is incomplete. Removed 13.In view of the above, please check all references for accuracy and completeness. Detailed Response to Reviewers JMAD-D-12-03220R1 2All the references are cited using endnote software. This makes it easy to update and cite the references in the required format at the publication stage. 14. Remove page numbers from list of table and figure captions. Page numbers removed...

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Section: Cone Calorimetermentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Thermal Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Loi % = [Volume Of Oxygen/volume Of Nitrogen + Volume Of Oxmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Depending on the nature of the additives, they can act chemically or physically in the solid, liquid or gas phase [49], although most are particles or powders [47].…”

Section: Effects Of Fire Retardantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review on the degradability of polymeric composites based on natural fibres

et al. 2013

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“…4. Comparison between the tensile strength of the Blank sample and that of the samples containing only APP/PER flame retardant system reveals that as it is expected the addition of the APP/PER causes a decline in tensile strength of PP which increases with increasing the amount of APP/PER loading in the sample 11 . On the other hand, one of the attractive features of RP is its negligible effect on mechanical properties of the polymer 12 .…”

Section: Mechanical Properties Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 78%

Effects of MWNTs on Flame Retardation and Thermal Stabilization Performance of Phosphorus-containing Flame Retardants in Polypropylene

Shahvazian¹,

Seyedmir²

2012

Orientjchem.

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Effects of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) on flame retardation as well as thermal stabilization efficiency of two phosphorus-containing flame retardant systems i.e. ammonium polyphosphate/pentaerythritol (APP/PER) and red phosphorus (RP) in polypropylene (PP) have been investigated. Limiting oxygen index (LOI), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), melt flow index (MFI) and tensile tests have been performed in this study. It was shown that the addition of MWNTs alone at a minimum loading level of 4 wt% improves thermal stability of PP considerably without any undesirable effect on its flow-ability and mechanical properties. Furthermore, addition of MWNTs alone resulted in a slight improvement of flammability of the polymer. However, comparison between thermal stability and flame retardancy of PP samples containing a combination of MWNTs and APP/PER or RP with those of the samples containing APP/PER or RP alone proved that MWNTs interfere with thermal stabilization and flame retardation efficiency of both APP/PER and RP in the polymer.

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Mineral Filler Flame Retardants

Sauerwein¹

2014

Non‐Halogenated Flame Retardant Handbook

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Evaluation of various fire retardants for use in wood flour–polyethylene composites

Cited by 209 publications

References 3 publications

A review on the degradability of polymeric composites based on natural fibres

A review on the degradability of polymeric composites based on natural fibres

Effects of MWNTs on Flame Retardation and Thermal Stabilization Performance of Phosphorus-containing Flame Retardants in Polypropylene

Mineral Filler Flame Retardants

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