Evaporation Source of Vacuum Evaporation by Electric Arc

Friction of Polyaromatic Thiol Monolayers in Adhesive and Nonadhesive Contacts

“…Table ; Chart ). Despite uncertainties in some of the previous AFM studies on the boundary friction of aromatic monolayers (where some experiments were done in ambient air or without calibration of the cantilever), higher friction was found than with closely packed methyl-terminated alkanethiols. − These observations correlate with results from macroscopic friction experiments. , However, it is known that good wear protection ,,, can be achieved with aromatic additives despite their higher friction. The difference in nanoscopic friction between biphenyl thiol and alkanethiol monolayers has been ascribed to the higher rigidity of the aromatic molecules that act as springs under compression. , However, the effects of a change in packing density and monolayer stiffness associated with a change in the number of aromatic rings in the molecular structure have not been systematically studied.…”

“…[29][30][31][32][33] These observations correlate with results from macroscopic friction experiments. 24,32 However, it is known that good wear protection 23,24,32,34 can be achieved with aromatic additives despite their higher friction. The difference in nanoscopic friction between biphenyl thiol and alkanethiol monolayers has been ascribed to the higher rigidity of the aromatic molecules that act as springs under compression.…”

Early Transition Metals, Metal Halides, Metal Oxides, and Metal Sulfides Groups IIIB–VIIB)

“…Vaporization rates decrease in the order Bi, TI, Pb, Sn, Ni, Fe, Μη, Ag, Hg, As, Te, Cd, Zn, Sb, Cu, In, Ga, Ge, Ti, Th, Ta, Mo, W. 18 Direct current arcs have also been used successfully for metal vaporiza tions. 19 ' 20 Interrupted arcs with vibrating electrodes also have been used, 21 ' 22 as has inductive heating. 23 Table 4_i 5 -8 > 10 - 34 summarizes vaporization procedures employed be fore metal atom chemistry investigations were begun for these metals.…”