Evapotranspiration Partition and Crop Coefficients of Tifton 85 Bermudagrass as Affected by the Frequency of Cuttings. Application of the FAO56 Dual Kc Model

Abstract

Abstract:This study aims to model the impacts of the frequency of cuttings of Tifton 85 bermudagrass on the dynamics of evapotranspiration (ET c ) and to derive crop coefficients appropriate for grass water management. Two seasons of experimentation were used with four different cutting treatments which provided field data for calibration and validation of the soil water balance model SIMDualKc for all treatments. Cuttings were performed after the cumulative growth degree days (CGDD) attained 124 • C, 248 • C and 372 • C, thus from short to very long intervals between cuttings. SIMDualKc adopts the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) dual K c approach for partitioning ET into crop transpiration and soil evaporation, thus providing for an assessment of their dynamics. All treatments were irrigated to avoid water stress. Grass ET c was modelled adopting a K cb curve to describe the ET variation for each cutting cycle, that is, using the FAO K c curve that consists of a series of K cb curves relative to each cutting cycle. Each individual K cb curve consisted of three segments constructed when knowing the K cb values at the initial, at the end of rapid growth, and at cutting, respectively K cb ini , K cb gro and K cb cut . These K cb values were first estimated using the equation relating K cb to the density coefficient (K d ), which is computed from the fraction of ground cover (f c ) and canopy height (h) at the same dates. The goodness of fit indicators relative to the calibration and validation of the SIMDualKc model were rather good, with the normalized root mean square error (RMSE) ranging from 4.0% to 6.7% of the mean available soil water. As an example, the standard K cb values obtained after model calibration relative to the cuttings treatment with CGDD of 248 • C are: K cb ini = 0.86, K cb gro = 0.91 and K cb cut = 0.96. K cb values were smaller when the frequency of cuts was larger because h and f c were smaller, and were larger for reduced cuttings frequency since h and f c were then larger. Because the soil was wet most of the time, the soil evaporation K e varied little but its value was small due to the combined effects of the fraction of crop cover and plant litter covering the soil. The values of K c = K cb +K e also varied little due to the influence of K e and the K c curve obtained a form different from the K cb curves, and a single K c value was adopted for each cutting frequency, e.g., K c = 0.99 for the treatment with CGDD of 248 • C. Results of the soil water balance have shown that, during the experimental periods, likely due to the effects of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), runoff and deep percolation exceeded ET c . Moreover, the soil evaporation ratio was small: 14% in case of frequent cuttings and less for more spaced cuttings, thus with a transpiration ratio close to 90%, which indicates a very high beneficial consumptive water use, mainly when cuttings are not very frequent.

Evapotranspiration of the Brazilian Pampa Biome: Seasonality and Influential Factors

“…The evaporative fraction can be characterized into two main evapotranspiration regimes as proposed by Seneviratne et al [46]: soil water limited or energy limited. The reduction of soil water content influences the evaporative fraction because when theta is low, the extraction of water by the roots faces additional resistances and the rate of water extraction results are smaller than the potential (not stressed) ET rate [4,35]. In other words, soil moisture provides a first-order control on land-atmosphere exchanges when it is limiting.…”

“…It is a complex biome, which has different vegetation, among which the most representative is fields dominated by grasses. Related studies are lacking and the only recent one refers to characterizing the actual ET of Tifton 85 Bermudagrass as affected by the frequency of cuttings [4].…”

Innovation Issues in Water, Agriculture and Food

“…Paredes et al [5] present an innovative approach for the determination of the bermudagrass water requirements in southern Brazil, relating the frequency of cuttings with a density coefficient (K d ) that depends upon the fraction of ground cover and crop height. The basal crop coefficient (K cb ) used to estimate crop evapotranspiration (ET c ) with the dual K c approach is then computed from K d using the SIMDualKc model.…”

“…They recommended the use of the SIMDualKc or a similar model to properly schedule irrigation. The papers referred above [5][6][7] relative to a grass crop, a horticultural crop, and a tree crop all proved the appropriateness of simply computing K cb from the fraction of ground cover and height.…”

Seasonal Variations in Water Uptake Patterns of Winter Wheat under Different Irrigation and Fertilization Treatments

“…First, besides quantifying the proportional contributions of soil water to vegetation and determining the RWU pattern, the isotope-based methods can be extended to partition ET (i.e., the ratio of E and T). The results obtained by the isotope-based models should be compared with the soil water balance models such as SIMDualKc [40] and SWAT [41]. Second, soil moisture is a critical factor of crop growth and transformation of water and energy in the soil-crop system.…”