“…fMRI studies have consistently shown an engagement of the left VLPFC, especially when the encoding task involves semantic processing (Fletcher, Shallice & Dolan, 1998;Blumenfeld & Ranganath, 2007;Galli, 2014), whereas only few studies reported DLPFC activations (Savage et al, 2001;Blumenfeld & Ranganath, 2006). On the contrary, most TMS and tDCS studies of episodic memory found an effect of left DLPFC stimulation on subsequent retrieval (Rossi et al, 2001(Rossi et al, , 2004(Rossi et al, , 2006(Rossi et al, , 2011Epstein, Sekino, Yamaguchi, Kamiya & Ueno, 2002;Sandrini, Cappa, Rossi, Rossini & Miniussi, 2003;Skrdlantová et al, 2005;Turriziani et al, 2008;Turriziani, Smirni, Oliveri, Semenza & Cipolotti, 2010;Elmer, Burkard, Renz, Meyer & Jancke, 2009;Gagnon, Schneider, Grondin & Blanchet, 2010;Innocenti et al, 2010;Javadi, Cheng & Walsh, 2012;Javadi & Cheng, 2013;Manenti, Brambilla, Petesi, Ferrari & Cotelli, 2013) whereas only a few targeted the left VLPFC (Floel et al, 2004;Köhler et al, 2004;Kahn et al, 2005;Machizawa et al, 2010;Blumenfeld et al, 2014;Vidal-Pinero et al, 2014). A further complication in integrating fMRI and non-invasive brain stimulation findings is that most TMS and tDCS studies targeted the DLPFC by delivering the stimulation over F3 of the International 10-20 EEG system, which is more dorsal than the maximum DLPFC peak of activation reported in fMRI studies (Blumenfeld et al, 2014).…”