Evidence-Based Advances in Avian Medicine

Clinical Management of Avian Renal Disease

“…77 Terbinafine is an allylamine, fungicidal agent with activity against several fungal species, including Aspergillus spp. 75 and Cryptococcus spp. 78 Of note, the dose should be decreased in cases of impaired renal function.…”

“…Itraconazole is a first-generation triazole antifungal agent, commonly used in birds for treatment of aspergillosis. 75 Voriconazole is a third-generation triazole antifungal agent. 71,75 Voriconazole is increasingly used to treat invasive aspergillosis in birds, given the broad antifungal spectrum, which includes molds (fungicidal) and yeasts (fungistatic), and its rapid bioavailability.…”

“…75 Voriconazole is a third-generation triazole antifungal agent. 71,75 Voriconazole is increasingly used to treat invasive aspergillosis in birds, given the broad antifungal spectrum, which includes molds (fungicidal) and yeasts (fungistatic), and its rapid bioavailability. 72 Acquired resistance of Aspergillus fumigatus strains to both itraconazole and voriconazole has been reported.…”

“…71 Caution should be applied when extrapolating a dose to a different avian species. 75 Cryptococcosis Systemic cryptococcosis may also affect companion psittacine birds. 78,96 Partial response to treatment with fluconazole (15 mg/kg by mouth every 12 hours) and terbinafine (15-20 mg/kg by mouth every 12 hours) was described in an African gray parrot (Psittacus erithacus) with renal cryptococcosis.…”

“…Data from Refs. 57,69,71,72,75,[78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95] Succimer (meso 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid or DMA) is an oral chelator, derived from British Anti-Lewisite capable of chelating lead from soft tissues, but not from bone. 107 Succimer is less efficient in cases of zinc intoxication.…”