Evidence-based treatments of addiction

O’Brien, Charles P.

doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0105

Cited by 95 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…It is apparent that alcohol or drug-related stimuli may precipitate a relapse even after years or decades of recovery (O’Brien, 2008). This may result from disruption of alternative behavior cultivated during recovery.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reinforcement of an alternative behavior as a model of recovery and relapse in the rat

Ginsburg

Lamb

2013

Behavioural Processes

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A preclinical model that includes measures of alternative behavior and drug-seeking could improve our understanding of the processes involved in successful recovery; however current preclinical models of relapse do not measure alternative behavior. We assessed the persistence of food-maintained responding and the resumption of ethanol-maintained responding after ethanol-maintained responding was reduced by changing the response requirement for concurrently available food. Ethanol (10% w/v) was always available following 5 responses (FR5). A 16 kHz tone indicating food delivery followed 150 responses (FR150) resulted in ethanol-predominate responding and substantial amounts of ethanol were earned (0.47 g/kg per 30-min session) and consumed. An 8 kHz tone indicating food delivery followed 5 responses (FR5) for 1, 2, 4, or 16 consecutive sessions reduced ethanol-maintained responding despite unchanged ethanol availability. Ethanol-maintained responding resumed upon subsequent presentation of the 16 kHz tone. However, more responses occurred on the food lever before 5 responses occurred on the ethanol lever as the number of preceding FR5 food sessions increased. These results suggest that alternative reinforcement may reduce control by discriminative stimuli that occasion ethanol-seeking and is consistent with the risk of relapse declining with longer periods of recovery because of the strength of alternative behavior.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reinforcement of an alternative behavior as a model of recovery and relapse in the rat

Ginsburg

Lamb

2013

Behavioural Processes

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“…Reinstatement is considered to be a particularly relevant model of relapse (Marchant, Li, & Shaham, 2013), one of the core features of addiction, and a major challenge for the treatment of alcohol-use disorders (McLellan, Lewis, O'Brien, & Kleber, 2000; O'Brien, 2008). Interestingly, exposing rats that first underwent a 20% ethanol intermittent-access period and were then subjected to extinction of their conditioned response, to a small (0.2 mL) non-contingent delivery of ethanol in the reward port, induces a rapid return of operant responding on the lever previously associated with ethanol, indicating a robust reinstatement of ethanol seeking by the polysensory properties of a small ethanol volume (Wang, Lanfranco, et al, 2010).…”

Section: Operant Self-administration In Rats Pre-trained In Ia2bcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intermittent ethanol access schedule in rats as a preclinical model of alcohol abuse

Carnicella

Ron

Barak

2014

Alcohol

280

295

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One of the major challenges in preclinical studies of alcohol abuse and dependence remains the development of paradigms that will elicit high ethanol intake and mimic the progressive transition from low or moderate social drinking to excessive alcohol consumption. Exposure of outbred rats to repeated cycles of free-choice ethanol intake and withdrawal with the use of intermittent access to 20% ethanol in a 2-bottle choice procedure (IA2BC) has been shown to induce a gradual escalation of voluntary ethanol intake and preference, eventually reaching ethanol consumption levels of 5–6 g/kg/24 h, and inducing pharmacologically relevant blood ethanol concentrations (BECs). This procedure has recently been gaining popularity due to its simplicity, high validity, and reliable outcomes. Here we review experimental and methodological data related to IA2BC, and discuss the usefulness and advantages of this procedure as a valuable pre-training method for initiating operant ethanol self-administration of high ethanol intake, as well as conditioned place preference (CPP). Despite some limitations, we provide evidence that IA2BC and related operant procedures provide the possibility to operationalize multiple aspects of alcohol abuse and addiction in a rat model, including transition from social-like drinking to excessive alcohol consumption, binge drinking, alcohol seeking, relapse, and neuroadaptations related to excessive alcohol intake. Hence, IA2BC appears to be a useful and relevant procedure for preclinical evaluation of potential therapeutic approaches against alcohol abuse disorders.

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“…Further, loss of attention, poor decision-making, and increased impulsivity are found in individuals with lesions of the PFC consistent with PFC degeneration contributing to alcoholism and other drug dependence (Bechara, Damasio, Damasio, & Anderson, 1994; Bechara et al, 2005). These studies suggest that alcoholism is at least in part related to heavy alcohol consumption-induced neurodegeneration and other alterations in brain and behavior contributing to the chronic relapsing disorder characterized by repeated use of alcohol and/or other drugs despite problems related to use of the substance (O’Brien, 2008). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroimmune Basis of Alcoholic Brain Damage

Crews

Vetreno

2014

International Review of Neurobiology

136

111

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Alcohol-induced brain damage likely contributes to the dysfunctional poor decisions associated with alcohol dependence. Human alcoholics have a global loss of brain volume that is most severe in the frontal cortex. Neuroimmune gene induction by binge drinking increases neurodegeneration through increased oxidative stress, particularly NADPH oxidase-induced oxidative stress. In addition, HMGB1-TLR4 and innate immune NF-κB target genes are increased leading to persistent and sensitized neuroimmune responses to ethanol and other agents that release HMGB1 or directly stimulate TLR receptors and/or NMDA receptors. Neuroimmune signaling and glutamate excitotoxicity are linked to alcoholic neurodegeneration. Models of adolescent alcohol abuse lead to significant frontal cortical degeneration and show the most severe loss of hippocampal neurogenesis. Adolescence is a period of high risk for ethanol-induced neurodegeneration and alterations in brain structure, gene expression, and maturation of adult phenotypes. Together, these findings support the hypothesis that adolescence is a period of risk for persistent and long-lasting increases in brain neuroimmune gene expression that promote persistent and long-term increases in alcohol consumption, neuroimmune gene induction, and neurodegeneration that we find associated with alcohol use disorders.

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Evidence-based treatments of addiction

Cited by 95 publications

References 72 publications

Reinforcement of an alternative behavior as a model of recovery and relapse in the rat

Reinforcement of an alternative behavior as a model of recovery and relapse in the rat

Intermittent ethanol access schedule in rats as a preclinical model of alcohol abuse

Neuroimmune Basis of Alcoholic Brain Damage

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