Evidence for a cholinergic mechanism of “learned” changes in the responses of barrel field neurons of the awake and undrugged rat

Delacour, Jean; Houcine, Odile; Costa, João Carlos da

doi:10.1016/0306-4522(90)90299-j

Cited by 62 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…For example, reorganization of the somatosensory cortex after peripheral deafferentation seems to depend on an intact NB cholinergic system (Juliano, Ma, & Eslin, 1991). In addition, the "conditioned response" of neurons in the barrel cortex that develops to stimulation of a "CS whisker" after pairing it with stimulation of an effective "unconditioned stimulus whisker" is abolished by the local application of atropine (Delacour et al, 1990). Thus, pairing somatosensory stimulation with NB stimulation might induce specific RF and map plasticity in the somatosensory cortex.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Induction of long-term receptive field plasticity in the auditory cortex of the waking guinea pig by stimulation of the nucleus basalis.

Bjordahl¹,

Dimyan²,

Weinberger³

1998

Behavioral Neuroscience

103

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Learning induces neuronal receptive field (RF) plasticity in primary auditory cortex. This plasticity constitutes physiological memory as it is associative, highly specific, discriminative, developes rapidly, and is retained indefinitely. This study examined whether pairing a tone with activation of the nucleus basalis could induce RF plasticity in the waking guinea pig and, if so, whether it could be retained for 24 hr. Subjects received 40 trials of a single frequency paired with electrical stimulation of the nucleus basalis (NB) at tone offset. The physiological effectiveness of NB stimulation was assessed later while subjects were anesthetized with urethane by noting whether stimulation produced cortical desynchronization. Subjects in which NB stimulation was effective did develop RF plasticity and this was retained for 24 hr. Thus, activation of the NB during normal learning may be sufficient to induce enduring physiological memory in auditory cortex.The search for the mechanisms of learning and memory continues to be a central problem in neuroscience. The approach of recording neurophysiological correlates of behavioral leaming is advantageous in potentially locating a site of (probably distributed) storage and in providing an approximation of the actual acquired information. A combination of neurophysiological correlates of behavioral learning with a controlled stimulation of designated circuits has the additional benefit of providing for tests of candidate mechanisms of a behaviorally induced neurophysiological index of information storage by determining whether direct activation of a designated brain circuit produces the same neurophysiological correlates as those that are induced during behavioral learning.However, there are actually very few neurophysiological correlates of behavioral learning that meet the criteria for indexing the storage of memories, particularly in the cerebral neocortex, which is generally agreed to be a major site of acquired information. In the case of associative declarative memory (as opposed to procedural or sensorimotor skill memory), these criteria include the following: The neurophysiological phenomenon must be (a) induced during normal leaming in behaving subjects, (b) associative, (c) highly specific to the information acquired, (d) induced very

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Induction of long-term receptive field plasticity in the auditory cortex of the waking guinea pig by stimulation of the nucleus basalis.

Bjordahl¹,

Dimyan²,

Weinberger³

1998

Behavioral Neuroscience

103

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“…The observation that synaptic plasticity is also enhanced by the presence of these neurotransmitters supports the relationship between learning and plasticity (Singer, 1986;Brocher et al, 1992). Injection of acetylcholine or norepinephrine directly into visual, somatosensory, or auditory cortex during sensory stimulation can promote expression of neural plasticity in the intact brain (Greuel et al, 1988;McKenna et al, 1989;Delacour et al, 1990). Pairing sensory inputs with electrical activation of the nucleus basalis (NB), locus coeruleus (LC), or ventral tegmental area (VTA) also results in plasticity that is specific to features of the associated input (Kilgard and Fig.…”

Section: Neuromodulatory Influencesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Cortical plasticity and rehabilitation

Moucha

Kilgard

2006

Progress in Brain Research

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The brain is constantly adapting to environmental and endogenous changes (including injury) that occur at every stage of life. The mechanisms that regulate neural plasticity have been refined over millions of years. Motivation and sensory experience directly shape the rewiring that makes learning and neurological recovery possible. Guiding neural reorganization in a manner that facilitates recovery of function is a primary goal of neurological rehabilitation. As the rules that govern neural plasticity become better understood, it will be possible to manipulate the sensory and motor experience of patients to induce specific forms of plasticity. This review summarizes our current knowledge regarding factors that regulate cortical plasticity, illustrates specific forms of reorganization induced by control of each factor, and suggests how to exploit these factors for clinical benefit.Keywords: Cortical plasticity; Experience-dependent plasticity; Cortical reorganization; Neuromodulators; Cholinergic; Rehabilitation Factors that regulate plasticityPlasticity is the remarkable ability of developing, adult, and aging brains to adapt to a changing world. This potential is revealed whenever an organism must meet a new environmental demand or recover from nervous system damage. Plasticity occurs in sensory and motor systems following deprivation of input or overstimulation, increased or decreased usage, learning of new skills, and injury. These experience-dependent changes can be as subtle as a change in neuronal excitability (Engineer et al., 2004) or as dramatic as the rewiring of auditory cortex to process visual information (Sur et al., 1988). Topographic maps, receptive field (RF) size, neuronal firing rate, temporal precision, and combination sensitivity can all be modified by our experiences. The types of plasticity activated by specific situations depend on the nature of the experiences and their behavioral significance, conveyed by release of modulatory neurotransmitters (Fig. 1). Attentional modulationNeural plasticity is essential for adapting to changes in the environment but plasticity can be destabilizing if not well regulated. Limiting plasticity prevents meaningless events from driving changes that could degrade previously acquired memories and skills. Attention plays a key role in the regulation of plasticity associated with sensory experience. Repeated sensory stimulation alters topography in primary sensory cortex only when monkeys use the stimuli to make behavioral judgments (Recanzone et al., 1992(Recanzone et al., , 1993. Many studies have shown that cortical neurons respond differently to attended versus unattended stimuli. Neurons in secondary somatosensory cortex, for example, exhibit greater response synchronization when monkeys are engaged in a tactile task (Steinmetz et al., 2000). Attention can also directly affect firing rates of cortical neurons (Treue and Maunsell, 1999;Recanzone and Wurtz, 2000). Results from several psychophysical studies support the hypothesis that attention re...

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“…Experimental data show that ACh enhances cortical plasticity in adult mammals [182][183][184]. In contrast, scopolamine, an ACh antagonist, impairs subsequent performance on an avoidance task when administered to rats during certain periods of REM sleep [185].…”

Section: Cellular and Molecular Levelmentioning

confidence: 99%

A role for sleep in brain plasticity

Dang‐Vu

Desseilles²,

Peigneux

et al. 2006

Pediatric Rehabilitation

112

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The idea that sleep might be involved in brain plasticity has been investigated for many years through a large number of animal and human studies, but evidence remains fragmentary. Large amounts of sleep in early life suggest that sleep may play a role in brain maturation. In particular, the influence of sleep in developing the visual system has been highlighted. The current data suggest that both Rapid Eye Movement (REM) and non-REM sleep states would be important for brain development. Such findings stress the need for optimal paediatric sleep management. In the adult brain, the role of sleep in learning and memory is emphasized by studies at behavioural, systems, cellular and molecular levels. First, sleep amounts are reported to increase following a learning task and sleep deprivation impairs task acquisition and consolidation. At the systems level, neurophysiological studies suggest possible mechanisms for the consolidation of memory traces. These imply both thalamocortical and hippocampo-neocortical networks. Similarly, neuroimaging techniques demonstrated the experiencedependent changes in cerebral activity during sleep. Finally, recent works show the modulation during sleep of cerebral protein synthesis and expression of genes involved in neuronal plasticity.Keywords: Sleep, plasticity, brain development, memory, functional neuroimaging La idea de que dormir pudiera estar involucrado en la plasticidad cerebral ha sido investigada por muchos añ os a través de un gran nú mero de estudios en animales y humanos, pero la evidencia permanece fragmentada. Grandes cantidades de sueñ o en los inicios de la vida sugiere que el sueñ o puede tener un papel en la maduració n cerebral. En particular ha sido remarcada la influencia del sueñ o en el desarrollo del sistema visual. Los datos actuales sugieren que las etapas de sueñ o REM y no-REM podrían ser importantes para el desarrollo cerebral. Tales hallazgos demandan la necesidad de un manejo ó ptimo del sueñ o pediátrico. En el cerebro adulto, el papel del sueñ o en el aprendizaje y la memoria es enfatizado por estudios a niveles conductual, sistémico, celular y molecular. Primero, se reporta que las cantidades de sueñ o aumentan después de una tarea de aprendizaje y la falta del sueñ o limita la adquisició n y consolidació n de la tarea. A nivel sistémico, los estudios neurofisioló gicos sugieren posibles mecanismos para la consolidació n de los rastros de memoria. Esto implica a las redes tálamo-cortical y la hipocampo-neocortical. De igual manera, las técnicas de neuroimagen demostraron los cambios dependientes de la experiencia, en la actividad cerebral durante el sueñ o. Finalmente, trabajos recientes muestran durante el sueñ o la modulació n de la síntesis proteica cerebral y la expresió n de los genes involucrados en la plasticidad neuronal.

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Evidence for a cholinergic mechanism of “learned” changes in the responses of barrel field neurons of the awake and undrugged rat

Cited by 62 publications

References 48 publications

Induction of long-term receptive field plasticity in the auditory cortex of the waking guinea pig by stimulation of the nucleus basalis.

Induction of long-term receptive field plasticity in the auditory cortex of the waking guinea pig by stimulation of the nucleus basalis.

Cortical plasticity and rehabilitation

A role for sleep in brain plasticity

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