Evidence for predictive control in lifting series of virtual objects

Mawase, Firas; Karniel, Amir

doi:10.1007/s00221-010-2249-8

Cited by 32 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Our main finding was that the motor prediction of force perturbations is based on averaging past experience (even after implicitly experiencing four consecutive trials of increasing force perturbations). In contrast to previous studies concentrating solely on horizontal reaching movements, here we also tested vertical reaching movements and found similar results, thereby refuting one possible explanation—that force expectation is based on movement's direction- for the discrepancy between adaptation to force perturbations during reaching movements and adaptation to weight in a lifting task, for which motor memory was demonstrated to predict the next object rather than the average (Mawase and Karniel, 2010). …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Adaptation to sequence force perturbation during vertical and horizontal reaching movement—averaging the past or predicting the future?

Mawase¹,

Karniel²

2012

Front. Syst. Neurosci.

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Several studies conducted during the past decade have suggested that episodic memory is better equipped to handle the future than the past. Here, we consider this premise in the context of motor memory. State-of-the-art computational models for trial-by-trial motor adaptation to constant and stochastic force field perturbations in a horizontal reaching paradigm have shown that motor memory registers a weighted sum of past experiences to predict force perturbation in a subsequent trial. In the current study, we used the standard horizontal reaching movement paradigm and a novel vertical reaching movement paradigm to test motor memory function during adaptation to force fields increasing in magnitude in a simple predictable linear series. We found that adaptation to constant and sequence force fields are similar in vertical and horizontal reaching. For both horizontal and vertical reaching, we found that the expectation in a particular trial was the average of the previous few trials rather than an expectation of a larger perturbation, as would be expected from a simple extrapolation. These findings are not consistent with those of our previous studies on lifting and grasping tasks, in which we found that the grip force is correctly adjusted to the next weight in a series of tasks with gradually increasing weights, thus predicting the future rather than averaging the past. The results of the current study devoted to reaching movements and of our previous study addressing a lifting task suggest that the brain can generate at least two different types of motor representation, either addressing the past in reaching or predicting the future in lifting. We propose that prior experience and the effect of environment's variability are the reasons for the observed differences in expectation during lifting and reaching. Finally, we discuss these two types of memory mechanisms with respect to the distinct neural circuits responsible for lifting and reaching.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Adaptation to sequence force perturbation during vertical and horizontal reaching movement—averaging the past or predicting the future?

Mawase¹,

Karniel²

2012

Front. Syst. Neurosci.

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“…Infants might rely on tactile information and perceive the weight of the object proprioceptively prior to lifting (during a period of enhanced grip force prior to lifting; Johansson and Flanagan 2009;Gordon et al 1991;Johansson and Westling 1988). Another option is that infants maintain a sensorimotor memory based on the preceding lift to make a fair assumption about the current weight (Buckingham and Goodale 2010b;Gordon et al 1993;Mawase and Karniel 2010). These options are not mutually exclusive, and more research is needed to investigate whether infants solely rely on one or a combination of the two.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…To achieve this, multiple sources of information need to be integrated (Nowak et al 2013). We know that adults rely on visual information (Buckingham et al 2009;Buckingham and Goodale 2010a;Cole 2008;Gordon et al 1991), sensorimotor memory (Buckingham and Goodale 2010b;Gordon et al 1993;Mawase and Karniel 2010), and tactile information (Johansson and Flanagan 2009;Gordon et al 1991;Johansson and Westling 1988) to prospectively control their lifting actions. All these sources of information are available prior to liftoff.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infants’ prospective control during object manipulation in an uncertain environment

Gottwald

Gredebäck

2015

Exp Brain Res

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This study investigates how infants use visual and sensorimotor information to prospectively control their actions. We gave 14-month-olds two objects of different weight and observed how high they were lifted, using a Qualisys Motion Capture System. In one condition, the two objects were visually distinct (different color condition) in another they were visually identical (same color condition). Lifting amplitudes of the first movement unit were analyzed in order to assess prospective control. Results demonstrate that infants lifted a light object higher than a heavy object, especially when vision could be used to assess weight (different color condition). When being confronted with two visually identical objects of different weight (same color condition), infants showed a different lifting pattern than what could be observed in the different color condition, expressed by a significant interaction effect between object weight and color condition on lifting amplitude. These results indicate that (a) visual information about object weight can be used to prospectively control lifting actions and that (b) infants are able to prospectively control their lifting actions even without visual information about object weight. We argue that infants, in the absence of reliable visual information about object weight, heighten their dependence on non-visual information (tactile, sensorimotor memory) in order to estimate weight and pre-adjust their lifting actions in a prospective manner.

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“…This default strategy of applying equal load force on both objects would result in overshoots in case of the light object and in too low lifting amplitudes on case of the heavy object. If infants instead do not rely on vision, but on either tactile information 22 from the brief period between the first manual contact with the object and lift-off (as shown in adults, Johansson & Westling, 1984;Johansson & Flanagan, 2009) or on sensorimotor memories 23 from the preceding trial (as shown in adults, Buckingham & Goodale, 2010b;Mawase & Karniel, 2010), the lifting pattern as described in the non-visual hypothesis should occur (2b). There would be no difference between both conditions in lifting amplitude, as all infants would use the same non-visual information.…”

Section: Study I -Prospective Motor Control Of Current Actions (Lifting)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Infants in Control: Prospective Motor Control and Executive Functions in Action Development

Gottwald¹

2018

Preprint

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This thesis assesses the link between action and cognition early in development. Thus the notion of an embodied cognition is investigated by tying together two levels of action control in the context of reaching in infancy: prospective motor control and executive functions.The ability to plan our actions is the inevitable foundation of reaching our goals. Thus actions can be stratified on different levels of control. There is the relatively low level of prospective motor control and the comparatively high level of cognitive control. Prospective motor control is concerned with goal-directed actions on the level of single movements and movement combinations of our body and ensures purposeful, coordinated movements, such as reaching for a cup of coffee. Cognitive control, in the context of this thesis more precisely referred to as executive functions, deals with goal-directed actions on the level of whole actions and action combinations and facilitates directedness towards mid-and long-term goals, such as finishing a doctoral thesis. Whereas prospective motor control and executive functions are well studied in adulthood, the early development of both is not sufficiently understood.This thesis comprises three empirical motion-tracking studies that shed light on prospective motor control and executive functions in infancy. Study I investigated the prospective motor control of current actions by having 14-month-olds lift objects of varying weights. In doing so, multi-cue integration was addressed by comparing the use of visual and non-visual information to non-visual information only. Study II examined the prospective motor control of future actions in action sequences by investigating reach-to-place actions in 14-month-olds. Thus the extent to which Fitts' law can explain movement duration in infancy was addressed. Study III lifted prospective motor control to a higher that is cognitive level, by investigating it relative to executive functions in 18-months-olds.Main results were that 14-month-olds are able to prospectively control their manual actions based on object weight. In this action planning process, infants use different sources of information. Beyond this ability to prospectively control their current action, 14-month-olds also take future actions into account and plan their actions based on the difficulty of the subsequent action in action sequences. In 18-month-olds, prospective motor control in manual actions, such as reaching, is related to early executive functions, as demonstrated for behavioral prohibition and working memory. These findings are consistent with the idea that executive functions derive from prospective motor control. I suggest that executive functions could be grounded in the development of motor control. In other words, early executive functions should be seen as embodied.

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Evidence for predictive control in lifting series of virtual objects

Cited by 32 publications

References 26 publications

Adaptation to sequence force perturbation during vertical and horizontal reaching movement—averaging the past or predicting the future?

Adaptation to sequence force perturbation during vertical and horizontal reaching movement—averaging the past or predicting the future?

Infants’ prospective control during object manipulation in an uncertain environment

Infants in Control: Prospective Motor Control and Executive Functions in Action Development

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