Evidence of 16SrXI group phytoplasma DNA in embryos of root wilt diseased coconut palms

Manimekalai, R.; Nair, Smita; Soumya, V. P.

doi:10.1007/s13313-013-0251-x

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…In other studies, the percentages were also within this range [17% in CSPW disease (Nipah et al . () and 16% in root wilt (Manimekalai et al ., )]. In the present study, the percentages were within this range (33% for the first assay and 34.4% for the second assay).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

“…Several reports in the literature have shown the occurrence of phytoplasmas in embryos or seedling progeny of diseased plants in non‐palm species (Khan et al ., ; Zwolinska et al ., ) and the coconut palm species (Nipah et al ., ; Oropeza et al ., ; Manimekalai et al ., ). These findings suggest that phytoplasmas might be transmitted through germination from the seed to seedlings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…In palm species, there are reports of the presence of 16SrXI group phytoplasmas associated with root wilt disease in coconut embryos in India (Manimekalai et al , ), 16SrIV phytoplasmas associated with lethal yellowing (LY) disease in the Americas (Cordova et al , ; Oropeza et al , ), and 16SrXXII‐A phytoplasmas associated with Cape St Paul Wilt (CSPW) disease in Africa (Nipah et al , ). However, no LY symptoms developed and no positive detection of LY phytoplasmas was obtained in seedlings in any of these attempts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection of lethal yellowing phytoplasma in coconut plantlets obtained through in vitro germination of zygotic embryos from the seeds of infected palms

Oropeza

Cordova

Puch-Hau

et al. 2017

Annals of Applied Biology

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Lethal yellowing (LY) is a disease caused by 16SrIV phytoplasmas that has devastated coconut plantations in the Americas. An alternative means of phytoplasma spread is through seeds. Therefore, we used a novel approach based on plumules from the embryos of LY-diseased coconut palms. We cultured the plumules in vitro to determine the presence of phytoplasma DNA in the plantlets. In the first assay, 185 embryos were obtained. The results showed positive detection in 20 samples (11%) with the nested PCR and in 59 samples (32%) with the TaqMan real-time PCR. A second assay was designed to trace plumules to their respective embryos and haustorial tissues to determine whether they had derived from an embryo with positive LY detection; a total of 124 embryos were obtained. The results showed no positive detection with the nested PCR and positive detection in 42 of the haustorial tissue samples (32%) with the TaqMan real-time PCR. The 124 plumules isolated from the embryos were cultivated under in vitro conditions and divided into two groups. Group A was followed for shoot formation and Group B was followed to the plantlet stage. After 3 months of cultivation, 33 cultures (50%) within Group A became necrotic; the rest were analysed to evaluate LY phytoplasma DNA with the TaqMan real-time PCR assay and 14 (42%) tested positive. After 18 months of cultivation, 20 cultures (34%) within Group B became necrotic. The rest were analysed for the detection of the LY phytoplasma DNA, and 15 and 11 (39% and 29%) of the samples tested positive with the TaqMan real-time PCR and nested PCR assays, respectively. Blast analysis of the sequenced products revealed that the sequences showed 99% homology with LY-phytoplasma subgroup 16SrIV-A. The results presented here demonstrate, for the first time, the occurrence of the transmission of LY phytoplasmas from coconut embryos to plantlets.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection of lethal yellowing phytoplasma in coconut plantlets obtained through in vitro germination of zygotic embryos from the seeds of infected palms

Oropeza

Cordova

Puch-Hau

et al. 2017

Annals of Applied Biology

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“…CSPWD phytoplasma was detected in nine out of the 52 embryos from diseased West African Tall (WAT) palms by PCR (Nipah et al, 2007). The presence of phytoplasma DNA in embryos of nuts collected from the root (wilt) diseased coconut palms was reported by Manimekalai et al (2014a). The detection of LY phytoplasma in coconut plantlets obtained through in vitro culturing of the embryo from the seed nuts of diseased palms by Oropeza et al (2017) indicates the possibility of phytoplasma transmission through seeds.…”

Section: Epidemiology Of Palm Phytoplasmal Diseases-a Grey Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Scenario on Phytoplasmal Diseases in Palms

Hegde

Babu

Josephrajkumar

2022

ije

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Worldwide phytoplasma diseases pose great threat to the sustainability of the palm family members viz., coconut, arecanut, date palm, oil palm and ornamental palms causing setbacks in economic and livelihood security. So far, at least eight Candidatus Phytoplasma species belonging to different 16Sr groups have been reported to be associated with coconut. This includes Ca. P. asteris (lethal wilt disease in India; 16Sr IB), Ca. P. oryzae (Coconut root (wilt) disease in India, Weligama leaf wilt disease in Sri Lanka; 16Sr XIB), Ca. P. cynodontis (Coconut yellow decline in Malaysia; 16Sr XIV), Ca. P. malaysianum (Malayan yellow dwarf phytoplasma in Malaysia; 16Sr XXXIIB), Ca. P. palmicola (Cape St. Paul wilt in Ghana, Awka wilt in Nigeria; 16Sr XXIIB), Ca. P. cocostanzaniae (lethal yellowing in East Africa; 16Sr IVC), Ca. P. noviguineense (Coconut bogia syndrome in Papua new Guinea) and Ca. P. palmae (Coconut lethal yellowing in Americas and Caribbean region; 16Sr IVA,B,E). Though there are several reports on insects transmitting coconut phytoplasmal diseases, except for LY in Florida and RWD in India, the vectors remain elusive. Susceptibility of date palms to phytoplasmal diseases viz., lethal yellowing, Alwijam, White Tip Dieback (WTD) and Slow Decline (SD) or El Arkish’ are emerging concerns in Arabian countries and North Africa. Oil palm is a potential host of diverse groups (16SrI, 16SrXI, 16Sr XIV and 16SrXXXII) of phytoplasma in many parts of the world. Yellow leaf disease caused by 16SrI, 16SrXI and16SrXIV group phytoplasmas is one of the major diseases limiting the productivity of arecanut in south India. Many ornamental palm species harbour a wide array of phytoplasma groups that could serve as an intermediary mode of transmission to cultivated palms. Large scale movement of ornamental palms through international trade warrants the need for strengthening the international quarantine networks and bio-security measures to contain the spread of these phytopathogenic mollicutes. Despite rapid progress accomplished in taxonomy using molecular approaches many palm phytoplasma isolates are yet to be characterized for the assignment of specific taxonomic status. Due to its confinement to phloem, non-uniform distribution and sub-minimal titres in palms, molecular detection is many atimes intriguing. Palm-phytoplasmal interaction and transmission mechanism by auchenorrhynchan fauna are poorly understood. As a victim of climate change, phytoplasma diseases in synergy with survival superiority of insect vectors are extremely challenging to comprehend and evolve effective suppression mechanism. Management approaches involving surveillance, eradication and containment of the disease in newly emerging areas along with resistance breeding to ensure sustainable income to the farmers are discussed in this chapter.

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“…In Tanzania, an estimated 8 million coconut palms or 38% have been killed by “Lethal Disease” since the 1960s (Mugini, 2002). Paradoxically, “lethal” yellowing-type diseases are not always lethal (Ntushelo et al, 2013c), but can be equally economically devastating due to loss of yield, such as in India, where Root (wilt) disease (RWD) is a “non-lethal, debilitating malady” (Manimekalai et al, 2014b). …”

Section: Lethal Yellows Disease Pathosystemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coconut Lethal Yellowing Diseases: A Phytoplasma Threat to Palms of Global Economic and Social Significance

et al. 2016

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The recent discovery of Bogia coconut syndrome in Papua New Guinea (PNG) is the first report of a lethal yellowing disease (LYD) in Oceania. Numerous outbreaks of LYDs of coconut have been recorded in the Caribbean and Africa since the late Nineteenth century and have caused the death of millions of palms across several continents during the Twentieth century. Despite the severity of economic losses, it was only in the 1970s that the causes of LYDs were identified as phytoplasmas, a group of insect-transmitted bacteria associated with diseases in many other economically important crop species. Since the development of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, knowledge of LYDs epidemiology, ecology and vectors has grown rapidly. There is no economically viable treatment for LYDs and vector-based management is hampered by the fact that vectors have been positively identified in very few cases despite many attempted transmission trials. Some varieties and hybrids of coconut palm are known to be less susceptible to LYD but none are completely resistant. Optimal and current management of LYD is through strict quarantine, prompt detection and destruction of symptomatic palms, and replanting with less susceptible varieties or crop species. Advances in technology such as loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for detection and tracking of phytoplasma DNA in plants and insects, remote sensing for identifying symptomatic palms, and the advent of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based tools for gene editing and plant breeding are likely to allow rapid progress in taxonomy as well as understanding and managing LYD phytoplasma pathosystems.

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Evidence of 16SrXI group phytoplasma DNA in embryos of root wilt diseased coconut palms

Cited by 10 publications

References 15 publications

Detection of lethal yellowing phytoplasma in coconut plantlets obtained through in vitro germination of zygotic embryos from the seeds of infected palms

Detection of lethal yellowing phytoplasma in coconut plantlets obtained through in vitro germination of zygotic embryos from the seeds of infected palms

Global Scenario on Phytoplasmal Diseases in Palms

Coconut Lethal Yellowing Diseases: A Phytoplasma Threat to Palms of Global Economic and Social Significance

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