Evidence of a TH 1 type response associated with recurrent miscarriage

Association between functional polymorphisms of Foxp3 and Interleukin-21 genes with the occurrence of recurrent pregnancy loss in Gaza strip-Palestine

“…Dysregulated immunity was proposed as a potential mechanism underlying RPL 3,24 and that interindividual variation in the anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory cytokine levels may modify the risk of unexplained RPL. 7,25 In this regard, the success of pregnancy depends on maintaining a fine balance between Th1 and Th2 immunity.…”

“…26 This was reportedly characterized by a shift to Th2 (humoral) immunity, which involves augmentation in the production of Th2 cytokines accompanied by attenuation of Th1 cytokines synthesis. 3,8,26 Recently, it has been shown that T cell-derived IL-21 cytokine can overcome Treg-mediated immunosuppression and increase the level of Th17 and NK cells (favoring Th1 type immunity) in the decidua and peripheral blood in RPL patients. 27 Foxp3 is a key regulator for development and function of the immunosuppressive Treg cells and it has been proposed that Foxp3 plays a critical role in induction of fetal-maternal tolerance.…”

“…2 In the face of unknown etiological factor(s), dysregulated immunity was proposed as a potential mechanism underlying unexplained RPL. 3 This reportedly includes autoimmune abnormalities (e.g., positive antiphospholipid, anti-nuclear and anti-microsomal antibodies), increased cell-mediated immunity and altered T helper Th1-Th2-Th17-Treg balance. 4,5 Additionally, various cytokines have been implicated in the maintenance of pregnancy through modulating the maternal immune system.…”

Sperm Apoptosis in Nonpregnant Lutealphase Sera After in Vitro Fertilization as Assessed by Comparative Genomic Hybridization

“…The serum factors were not involved in the pregnancy losses of biochemical pregnancies as shown by the rather similar fluorescent intensities of the biochemical versus clinical pregnancy results. Other researchers have suggested that the embryotoxic factors present in the sera of RSA and endometriosis patients are either a Th1-type cytokine, IFN-g [2,7], cytokeratin inhibitors that damage cellular cytoskeleton [4], or Fas-mediated immunoglobulins that fragment DNA [1,10]. The embryotoxic factors involved in pregnancy losses after assisted reproductive technologies procedures remain unknown.…”

A functional polymorphism in the promoter region of interleukin-10 gene increases the risk for spontaneous abortions—a triad study

“…IL-10 functions as a vital bridge that links immunity, placental angiogenesis and hypoxia at maternal-foetal interface [14]. It inhibits the production of various pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by different immune cells, and defects in this production result in specific pathological conditions of pregnancy [15]. On the other hand, its decreased production inhibits angiogenic factors thereby blocking angiogenesis and impairing vascular development, ultimately resulting in abortion.…”