Evidence of an Adaptive Basis for Geographic Variation in Body Morphology and Time of Downstream Migration of Juvenile Atlantic Salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>)

Riddell, Brian; Leggett, William C.

doi:10.1139/f81-042

Cited by 184 publications

(114 citation statements)

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“…Morphologically, fish from fast versus slow flowing water conform to hydromechanical predictions (fast-water fish have shallower bodies and caudal peduncles); however, these differences have not been correlated with locomotor performance (e.g., Gatz 1979;Riddell and Leggett 1981;McLaughlin and Grant 1994;Sagnes et al 1997).…”

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confidence: 73%

Adaptation of Rainbow Fish to Lake and Stream Habitats

et al. 2003

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Abstract. Fish occupy a range of hydrological habitats that exert different demands on locomotor performance. We examined replicate natural populations of the rainbow fishes Melanotaenia eachamensis and M. duboulayi to determine if colonization of low-velocity (lake) habitats by fish from high-velocity (stream) habitats resulted in adaptation of locomotor morphology and performance. Relative to stream conspecifics, lake fish had more posteriorly positioned first dorsal and pelvic fins, and shorter second dorsal fin bases. Habitat dimorphism observed between wild-caught fish was determined to be heritable as it was retained in M. eachamensis offspring raised in a common garden. Repeated evolution of the same heritable phenotype in independently derived populations indicated body shape divergence was a consequence of natural selection. Morphological divergence between hydrological habitats did not support a priori expectations of deeper bodies and caudal peduncles in lake fish. However, observed divergence in fin positioning was consistent with a family-wide association between habitat and morphology, and with empirical studies on other fish species. As predicted, decreased demand for sustained swimming in lakes resulted in a reduction in caudal red muscle area of lake fish relative to their stream counterparts. Melanotaenia duboulayi lake fish also had slower sustained swimming speeds (U crit ) than stream conspecifics. In M. eachamensis, habitat affected U crit of males and females differently. Specifically, females exhibited the pattern observed in M. duboulayi (lake fish had faster U crit than stream fish), but the opposite association was observed in males (stream males had slower U crit than lake males). Stream M. eachamensis also exhibited a reversed pattern of sexual dimorphism in U crit (males slower than females) relative to all other groups (males faster than females). We suggest that M. eachamensis males from streams responded to factors other than water velocity. Although replication of muscle and U crit phenotypes across same habitat populations within and/or among species was suggestive of adaptation, the common garden experiment did not confirm a genetic basis to these associations. Kinematic studies should consider the effect of the position and base length of dorsal fins.Key words. Burst speed, common garden experiment, Melanotaeniidae, morphology, natural selection, red muscle, U crit .Received April 18, 2002. Accepted September 11, 2002 Locomotion is a complex, whole animal function, crucial for activities that have deterministic effects on fitness. For example, differential locomotor performance has been demonstrated to result in both differential survival (e.g., Beamish 1978; Swain 1993) and feeding efficiency (e.g., Schaefer et al. 1999). There is also mounting evidence that locomotor performance has a genetic basis (van Berkum and Tsuji 1987;Garland 1988Garland , 1994Nicoletto 1995). Therefore, locomotor performance might evolve through natural selection if environments differ in their loco...

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confidence: 73%

Adaptation of Rainbow Fish to Lake and Stream Habitats

et al. 2003

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“…Furthermore, the physiological consequences of acclimatization to fluctuating (but rapidly declining) water temperatures have been shown to be very taxing on the energy reserves of stream salmonids (Cunjak et al, 1987;Cunjak and Power, 1987b;Cunjak, 1988b). The emergence of such energetically demanding conditions has been observed to cause considerable fish loss (Riddell and Leggett, 1981;Smith and Griffith, 1994;Finstad et al, 2004) and may have also contributed to the observed parr emigration in the Øyvollen reach in autumn.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does ice matter? Site fidelity and movements by Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr during winter in a substrate enhanced river reach

Linnansaari

Alfredsen

Stickler

et al. 2008

River Research & Apps

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In-stream habitat enhancement is a common remedial action in rivers where degradation/lack of suitable fish habitat can be diagnosed. However, post-project monitoring to assess the response of the biota to modification is rare particularly during winter. We conducted in situ monitoring during the winters of [2004][2005][2006] in the regulated Dalåa River, central Norway, in order to determine if winter habitat requirements of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr were realized in an enhanced (substrate and mesohabitat modification) reach. In total, 140 parr were marked with passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags and the fish were followed by carrying out active tracking surveys under variable ice conditions throughout the winter. Highest emigration (44%) occurred before ice formation started. Emigration was reduced after ice formed and was largely offset by parr re-entering the enhanced area. Dispersal into the non-enhanced, small substrate control area was observed only when the study reach was ice covered, and no parr were subsequently encountered in the control section after ice had melted. In the enhanced area, declining water temperature and surface ice conditions did not affect the spatial distribution of the resident salmon parr at the studied scale. Areas with 'solid' anchor ice precluded access for salmon parr whilst areas with 'patchy' anchor were used throughout the winter. Our results indicate that surface ice creates conditions that allow salmon parr to use stream habitats that otherwise provide only a limited amount of in-stream cover. Ice processes should be taken into consideration when habitat enhancement projects are carried out and subsequently assessed for effectiveness.

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“…In some cases the variation has been observed among populations from rearing habitats differing in current speed (e .g . Riddell & Leggett 1981, Swain & Holtby 1989 . In others it has been observed among populations differing in the migration distance between their rearing streams and the sea (e.g .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological and behavioural differences among recently-emerged brook charr,Salvelinus fontinalis, foraging in slow- vs. fast-running water

1994

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SynopsisMorphology and resource use were compared among recently-emerged brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis, sampled from field locations differing in current speed . Individuals from faster running water were slightly longer, and had more fusiform body shapes and larger caudal fin heights, than individuals from slower running water. In addition, individuals from faster running water also directed more foraging attempts toward the middle of the water column and fewer toward the benthos and water surface . They also ate more dipteran larvae, fewer aquatic crustaceans, and fewer insect pupae and adults . Individuals located in the slowest and fastest current speeds made fewer foraging attempts per min, on average, than individuals located in current speeds of intermediate magnitude . Dry weight of stomach contents did not vary significantly with current speed, however . The form of the relationship between body shape and current speed suggests that it is adaptive . Small-scale variation in the location of foraging sites may account for some of the individual variability in resource use often reported for stream salmonids . Variation in the locations of foraging sites may also entail a trade-off between an individual's swimming effort and the quality of prey it consumes . IntroductionStudies comparing individuals varying in morphology, physiology, or behaviour can be valuable in a variety of contexts including (i) evaluating the role that individual variation plays in the mechanisms regulating population sizes (DeAngelis et al . 1991), and (ii) establishing functional links between morphology or physiology and other aspects of an individual's ecology (e .g . habitat use, diet) (Ehlinger

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Evidence of an Adaptive Basis for Geographic Variation in Body Morphology and Time of Downstream Migration of Juvenile Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

Cited by 184 publications

References 19 publications

Adaptation of Rainbow Fish to Lake and Stream Habitats

Adaptation of Rainbow Fish to Lake and Stream Habitats

Does ice matter? Site fidelity and movements by Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr during winter in a substrate enhanced river reach

Morphological and behavioural differences among recently-emerged brook charr,Salvelinus fontinalis, foraging in slow- vs. fast-running water

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