Evidence of latent depressive schemas in formerly depressed individuals.

Hedlund, Susanne; Rude, Stephanie S.

doi:10.1037/0021-843x.104.3.517

Cited by 131 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Moreover, these distorted cognitive processes can be found in at-risk (Dearing & Gotlib, 2009;Joormann, Talbot, & Gotlib, 2007;Kujawa et al, 2011;Taylor & Ingram, 1999) and remitted (Fritzsche et al, 2010;Gilboa & Gotlib, 1997;Hedlund & Rude, 1995;, 2010 depressed samples.…”

Section: Cognitive Biases and Vulnerability For Depressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The combined cognitive bias hypothesis in depression

Everaert

Koster

Derakshan

2012

Clinical Psychology Review

273

179

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Drawing from substantial evidence demonstrating cognitive biases in depression at various stages of information processing (i.e., attention, interpretation, memory, cognitive control), we argue for an approach that considers the interplay among these processes. This paper attempts to apply the combined cognitive bias hypothesis (Hirsch, Mathews, & Clark, 2006) to depression research and reviews competing theoretical frameworks that have guided research in this area. We draw on current findings from behavioral studies on the interplay between depression-related processing biases. These data indicate that various cognitive biases are associated. However, it is not clear whether single or multiple biases are most predictive of depressive symptoms. We conclude this article with theoretical and clinical implications of the current state of research in this field and propose a number of ways in which research on the combined cognitive bias hypothesis can be advanced. A State-of-the-art Major depression is a prevalent psychiatric disorder that is associated with debilitating symptomatic suffering, functional impairments, and high societal costs (Kessler & Wang, 2009). Notwithstanding a range of well-established psychological and pharmacological interventions, relapse and recurrence rates of depression remain high (Vittengl, Clark, Dunn, & Jarrett, 2007) indicating that current therapies do not sufficiently address vulnerability factors for this burdensome disorder. Moreover, with each successive depressive episode the risk for recurrence increases (Boland & Keller, 2009), which points to an expanding vulnerability with multiple episodes. Hence, profound insight into the mechanisms involved in the etiology and maintenance of major depression seems essential in improving contemporary treatment options and the prevention of depression.In the past three decades, research inspired by cognitive accounts of depression has been successful in identifying vulnerability factors for this disorder. Apart from substantial research examining depressive cognitive content as a vulnerability factor (e.g., negative thoughts), a promising line of research highlights the role of cognitive biases in the development, maintenance, and relapse/recurrence of depression (for reviews see Mathews & MacLeod, 2005). Research efforts in this particular area of interest have typically focused on abnormalities in attention, interpretation, and memory processes, which are considered to be instrumental in the understanding of the processes involved in these cognitive biases. More recently, there is growing interest into cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying cognitive control impairments, which may operate across a variety of cognitive biases. Indeed a substantial number of studies on emotional information processing in depressed samples provide evidence that depression is characterized by attention, interpretation, and memory biases, especially for negative information (see below). COMBINED COGNITIVE BIAS HYPOTHESIS IN DEPRESSION 4This resea...

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Section: Cognitive Biases and Vulnerability For Depressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The combined cognitive bias hypothesis in depression

Everaert

Koster

Derakshan

2012

Clinical Psychology Review

273

179

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Prior studies with this task revealed differences in interpretative tendencies between depressed and non-depressed samples (e.g., Hedlund & Rude, 1995;Rude, Wenzlaff, Gibbs, Vane, & Whitney, 2002). In this study, each trial started with a fixation point at the left side of the screen (to elicit left-toright reading) followed by a stimulus display depicting either a neutral or an emotional scrambled sentence.…”

Section: Interpretation Bias a Computerized Version Of The Scrambledmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attention, interpretation, and memory biases in subclinical depression: A proof-of-principle test of the combined cognitive biases hypothesis.

Everaert¹,

Duyck²,

Koster³

2014

Emotion

167

206

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Emotional biases in attention, interpretation, and memory are viewed as important cognitive processes underlying symptoms of depression. To date, there is a limited understanding of the interplay among these processing biases. This study tested the dependence of memory on depression-related biases in attention and interpretation. Subclinically depressed and nondepressed participants completed a computerized version of the scrambled sentences test (measuring interpretation bias) while their eye movements were recorded (measuring attention bias). This task was followed by an incidental free recall test of previously constructed interpretations (measuring memory bias). Path analysis revealed a good fit for the model in which selective orienting of attention was associated with interpretation bias, which in turn was associated with a congruent bias in memory. Also, a good fit was observed for a path model in which biases in the maintenance of attention and interpretation were associated with memory bias. Both path models attained a superior fit compared with path models without the theorized functional relations among processing biases. These findings enhance understanding of how mechanisms of attention and interpretation regulate what is remembered. As such, they offer support for the combined cognitive biases hypothesis or the notion that emotionally biased cognitive processes are not isolated mechanisms but instead influence each other. Implications for theoretical models and emotion regulation across the spectrum of depressive symptoms are discussed.

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“…La evidencia de un autoesquema marcadamente positivo en los sujetos no deprimidos se constata en numerosos estudios (Abramson y Alloy, 1981;Greenberg et al, 1988). Asimismo, la evidencia de sesgos positivos en el procesamiento de información para los sujetos no deprimidos, también se ha mostrado consistente en muchas investigaciones (Derry y Kuiper, 1981;Greenberg et al, 1988;Hedlund y Rude, 1995;Calev, 1996). Calev (1996) se refiere a este efecto como la «tendencia pollyana».…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…El meta-análisis realizado por Matt, Vázquez y Campbell (1992), avaló estos resultados para los estudios con poblaciones clínicas. Sin embargo, estudios posteriores no han logrado reproducir ese mismo efecto, utilizando diseños experimentales similares, e igualmente muesfras clínicas (Hedlund y Rude, 1995, Calev, 1996, Giménez, 2000. A la vista de estos resultados, la evidencia de un sesgo de memoria en el procesamiento de información autorreferente en personas deprimidas, considerando especialmente el recuerdo incidental, no se ha mostrado consistente.…”

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La opinión negativa del sí-mismo en los trastornos depresivos

Marti¹,

Belloch

2002

RPPC

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Las teorías cognitivas de la depresión (Beck, 1967(Beck, ,1976 señalan que los sesgos negativos en el procesamiento de información son los responsables del mantenimiento, gravedad y duración del estado de ánimo deprimido. Sin embargo, los resultados de los estudios que intentan identificar tales sesgos no son consistentes. En este contexto, nuestro trabajo plantea explorar si durante un episodio depresivo el paciente sigue teniendo acceso a información tanto positiva como negativa sobre sí mismo, aunque matizada por criterios temporales. Para ello, 20 pacientes con depresión mayor, 18 distímicos y 20 sujetos controles no psiquiátricos completaron la tarea de codificación autorreferente, manipulando las instrucciones para que la realizaran teniendo en cuenta tres referentes temporales distintos: presente (actual), pasado y futuro. Los resultados mostraron que los deprimidos tienen una visión diferente de sí mismos para el presente, el pasado y el futuro, con matices interesantes por sus implicaciones en la investigación y en la clínica. Además, se observó que los deprimidos tienen una visión más negativa de sí mismos que los controles no deprimidos, independientemente del referente temporal que se utilice. Se discuten las repercusiones que estos resultados pueden tener tanto a nivel clínico como en la investigación de la psicopatología depresiva.Palabras clave : Depresión, sí-mismo, auto-esquema, auto-percepción, rasgo-estado. Negative viewabout the selfin depressive disordersAccording to cognitive theory of depression (Beck, 1967(Beck, ,1976, negatively biased Information processing is responsible for maintenance, severity and duration of depressive affect. However, the evidence does not consistently support this assumption. The present study was designed to ascertain if depressed patients have access not only to negative information about the self, but also to positivo one. Twenty patients with major depressive disorder, 18 with distimic disorder, and 20 nonpsychiatric controls completed a self-referent task. Instructions to perform the task were manipulated in order to fulfill it taking into account three different time-periods: present, past, and future. Data showed that depressed patients had a differei>t self-perception on each of the three time-periods investigated. Moreover, we observed that they had a more negative self-perception than nonpsychiatric controls during all of the time-periods. Implications for research and clinical practice are suggested. , 1998;Clark et al., 1999;Dozois y Dobson, 2001). En este contexto, los distintos modelos explicativos que se han generado sobre el trastorno destacan el papel que tienen los sesgos cognitivos en la etiología, mantenimiento, gravedad y duración del estado de ánimo depresivo. En todo caso, el planteamiento dominante desde hace años para la comprensión de la depresión unipolar sigue siendo el de A.T. Beck (Beck et al., 1979;

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Evidence of latent depressive schemas in formerly depressed individuals.

Cited by 131 publications

References 51 publications

The combined cognitive bias hypothesis in depression

The combined cognitive bias hypothesis in depression

Attention, interpretation, and memory biases in subclinical depression: A proof-of-principle test of the combined cognitive biases hypothesis.

La opinión negativa del sí-mismo en los trastornos depresivos

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